Amphetamine

Products

In many countries, no drugs containing amphetamine are currently registered. The active ingredient is subject to narcotics legislation and requires an aggravated prescription, but is basically not prohibited like other substances from the amphetamine group. In some countries, medicines containing dexamphetamine are on the market, for example in Germany and the USA.

Structure and properties

Amphetamine (C9H13N, Mr = 135.2 g/mol) is a racemate that exists as a colorless liquid with a typical odor. It is a methylphenethylamine structurally related to endogenous monoamines and stress hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. The -isomer dexamphetamine is more active. Amphetamine sulfate is a white powder that is readily soluble in water.

Effects

Amphetamine (ATC N06BA01) has sympathomimetic, appetite suppressant, and central stimulant properties. It additionally increases blood pressure and stimulates respiration. The effects are due to increased release of neurotransmitters in the brain. Amphetamine has a half-life of about 10 hours.

Indications

For the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD and for the treatment of narcolepsy.

Dosage

According to the professional information leaflet.

Abuse

Amphetamine can be abused as a stimulant intoxicant, smart drug, and party drug and has a high potential for dependence. It is strongly discouraged due to the potential adverse effects (see below).

Contraindications

Amphetamine is contraindicated in hypersensitivity, advanced atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, vascular disease, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, certain psychiatric disorders, pheochromocytoma, glaucoma, agitation, previous narcotic or drug abuse, during pregnancy and lactation, and in combination with MAO inhibitors, among others. For complete precautions, see the drug label.

Interactions

Amphetamine has a high potential for drug-drug interactions, for example with antidepressants, neuroleptics, and sedatives.

Adverse effects

Amphetamine can cause numerous side effects. An overdose is life-threatening. Some of the possible adverse effects include:

  • Cardiovascular: Palpable heartbeats, high blood pressure, heart disease, heart attack, stroke, sudden death.
  • Central nervous system: overstimulation, agitation, nervousness, dizziness, insomnia, euphoria, dysphoria, tremors, worsening of tics, dependence, addiction, personality changes, psychiatric illnesses
  • Digestive system: dry mouth, taste disturbances, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion, lack of appetite, weight loss.