Back Pain: Secondary Diseases

The following are the most important diseases or complications that can be caused by back pain or low back pain:

Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).

• Movement restrictions

Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Social isolation

Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99).

• Chronic pain* (constant pain).

Further

• Avoidance of physical activity

Prognostic factors

* Risk factors for chronic pain/chronicity of non-specific low back pain (pain duration of at least three months):

• Pleasure food consumption
  • Alcohol abuse (14.66% of cases)
  • Tobacco (smoking) (16.53% of cases).
• Psycho-social situation
  • Depression (19.3% of cases)
  • Distress (negative stress)
  • Pain-related cognitions: e.g., catastrophizing, helplessness/hopelessness.
  • Passive pain behaviors: e.g., marked shunning and fear-avoidance behaviors.
  • Overactive pain behavior: persistent industriousness, suppressive pain behavior.
  • Tendency to somatization
• Obesity (overweight; BMI > 30) (16.75% of cases).