Blood, hematopoietic organs-immune system (D50-D90).
- Iron-deficiency anemia – anemia caused by iron deficiency.
- Immunodeficiency/deficiency → candidiasis (synonyms: candidasis, candidosis).
- Pernicious anemia – anemia (anemia) caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or, less commonly, folic acid deficiency.
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome (synonyms: sideropenic dysphagia, Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome) – combination of several symptoms caused by mucosal atrophy in the upper gastrointestinal tract (oral cavity to stomach); the disease leads to difficulty swallowing and burning of the tongue due to mucosal atrophy in the mouth, furthermore occur: Mucosal defects, oral rhagades (tears in the corner of the mouth), brittle nails and hair and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) due to larger mucosal defects; the disease is a risk factor for the development of esophageal cancer (esophageal cancer).
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Diabetes mellitus (→ candidiasis)
- Iron deficiency
- Folic acid deficiency
- Food intolerances, such as cinnamon intolerance.
- Vitamin B6 deficiency
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Zinc deficiency
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99)
- Osler-Weber-Rendu disease (synonyms: Osler disease; Osler syndrome; Osler-Weber-Rendu disease; Osler-Rendu-Weber disease; hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, HHT) – autosomal-dominant inherited disorder in which telangiectasias (abnormal dilation of blood vessels) occur. These can occur anywhere, but are found especially in the nose (leading symptom: epistaxis (nosebleed)), mouth, face, and the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Because the telangiectasias are very vulnerable, it is easy to tear and thus bleeding.
Skin and subcutaneous (L00-L99).
- Lichen ruber planus (nodular lichen) – description of small flat, slightly scaly nodules here: Lichen ruber mucosae oris; burning tongue pain may occur before the appearance of visible changes.
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Candidiasis – infectious diseases caused by fungi (fungi sprouts) of the genus Candida (here: inflammation of the oral mucosa, including the tongue).
- Helicobacter pylori infection
- HIV infection – burning mouth is described as an indication of early-stage HIV infection
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (synonyms: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); gastroesophageal reflux disease (reflux disease); gastroesophageal reflux; reflux esophagitis; reflux disease; Reflux esophagitis; peptic esophagitis) – inflammatory disease of the esophagus (esophagitis) caused by the pathological reflux (reflux) of acid gastric juice and other gastric contents.
- Gingivostomatitis ulcerosa/ulcerous inflammation of the gums and oral mucosa (forms: Plaut-Vincent due tomixed bacterial infection; agranulocytosis /absence or severe decrease of granulocytes in the blood due tointolerance reactions).
- Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LRP) – “silent reflux” in which the cardinal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, such as heartburn and regurgitation (backflow of food pulp from the esophagus into the mouth), are absent.
- Lingua geographica (map tongue): harmless change in the tongue surface; constitutional anomaly; the tongue gets its typical appearance by shedding the epithelium of the filiform papillae of the tongue surface (papillae filiformes); whitish and reddish districts resembling a map appear; spectrum of complaints ranges from asymptomatic to a burning sensation or burning pain.
- Stomatitis forms oral mucositis:
- Stomatitis aphthosa (oral thrush wg HSV-1)Stomatitis catarrhalis; forms: Hunter’s glossitis due to pernicious anemia; measles stomatitis due to measles virus; scarlet fever glossitis due to group A ß-hemolytic streptococci).
- Stomatitis granulomatosa (special form: Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome due toarteritis (granulomatous inflammation)).
- Stomatitis herpetica (herpes labialis ww. HSV-1)
- Stomatitis mycotica (thrush stomatitis ww. Candida albicans).
- Stomatitis necroticans (forms: Agranulocytosis due tointolerance reactions; Noma (water cancer) wg.Bacteria, malnutrition); cytostatic therapy due toe.g. cisplatin).
- Xerostomia (dry mouth).
- Tongue fissure (mucous membrane tear in the tongue), usually painless.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Sjögren’s syndrome – autoimmune disease from the group of collagenoses leading to chronic inflammatory disease or destruction of the exocrine glands, with the salivary and lacrimal glands most commonly affected.
Psyche – Nervous System (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Anxiety
- Anorexia nervosa (Anorexia)
- Bulimia nervosa (BN; binge eating disorder)
- Depression
Injuries, poisonings and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Allergies, unspecified: e.g.
- Food allergies or
- Allergies to food ingredients: e.g. flavor enhancers, preservatives (e.g. benzoic acid), food colors, stabilizers (e.g. ascorbic acid).
- Injuries to the tongue (eg, burns from food, drink).
Medications
Medications that can lead to xerostomia (dry mouth).
- ACE inhibitors (benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, fosinopril, imidapril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, trandolapril, zofenopril).
- Alpha-2 agonists (apraclonidine, brimonidine, clonidine).
- Alpha-1 receptor blockers (bunazosin, doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin).
- Anorectic (sibutramine).
- Anti-allergic (H1 antihistamines)
- Anticholinergics (ipratropium bromide) [via peripheral receptor blockade]; aclidinium, biperiden, darifenacin, glycopyrronium, metixene, methanthelinium bromide, oxybutynin, phenoxybenzamine, propiverine, scopolamine, solifenacin, tiotropium, tolterodine, trihexyphenidyl, trospium chloride, umeclidinium
- Methanthelinium bromide
- See also under “Anticholinergic effects due to drugs” if applicable.
- Antidepressants [via central receptor blockade].
- Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSA) – mirtazapine.
- Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARI) – reboxetine, viloxazine.
- Selective serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRI) – duloxetine, venlafaxine.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) – trazodone
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) – amitriptyline, butriptyline, cianopramine, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, melitrace, nortriptyline, opipramol, protriptyline, trimipramine).
- Antiemetics (dimenhydrinate, scopolamine).
- Antiepileptic drugs (gabapentin)
- Antihistamines (clemastine, dimetindene, ketotifen).
- Antiparkinsonian drugs
- Anticholinergics (belladonna whole extract, benzatropine, biperiden, bornaprin, metixen, pridinol, procyclidine, scopolamine, trihexyphenidyl).
- Dopaminergic substances (amantadine, apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, alpha-dihydroergocryptine, levodopa, lisuride, memantine, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole).
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Conventional (Classical) antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Phenothiazine-type drugs (levomepromazine, triflupromazine).
- Conventional (Classical) antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Antisympathotonics (α-methyldopa).
- Anxiolytics (azapirone, hydroxyzine).
- SS-3-mimetic (mirabegron)
- Beta-blocker (metoprolol)
- Bronchodilators (β2-mimetics) – sulbutamol, terbutaline).
- Carboanhydrase inhibitors, local (brinzolamide, dorzolamide).
- Diuretics
- Loop diuretics (azosemide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid, etozolin, furosemide, piretanide, torasemide).
- Thiazide diuretics (benzthiazide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichloromethiazide).
- Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride).
- Dopamine antagonists (butyrophenones: haloperidol).
- Drugs (amphetamines, tetrahydrocannabinol).
- Hypnotics
- Magnesium sulfate
- Narcotics, centrally acting analgesics.
- Opioid antagonists (nalmefene, naltrexone).
- Parasympatholytics (atropine).
- Perchlorates (perchlorate)
- Psychotropic substances such as modafinil
- Sedatives
- Spasmolytics (butylscopolamine)
- Sympathomimetics
- Indirect sympathomimetics (amphetamines).
- Cytostatics
Drugs that can cause burning of the mouth
- Mouthwashes
- Reserpine
Radiotherapy
- Radiatio (radiotherapy) in the head area.
Other differential diagnoses
- Electrogalvanic voltage differences of dental fillings (amalgam, dentures, plastics).
- Poorly fitting / unmaintained dentures.
- Incompatibility of the denture material
- Tongue habit, unspecified
Other causes
- Ill-fitting/maintained dentures.
- Incompatibility of the denture material
- Tongue habit, unspecified