At-risk groups for deficiency include individuals with
- Inadequate supply as a result of low intake and absorption.
- Low intake of milk and dairy products – especially ovo-vegetarians and vegans.
- High calcium losses – due to caffeine, high protein intake (protein intake), in chronic acidosis.
- Parathyroid hormone deficiency (genetic or acquired, for example, after surgery), which leads to reduced intestinal calcium absorption as a result of increased calcium excretion and decreased phosphate excretion. Finally, calcium is lost through the kidney.
- Renal insufficiency (decrease in intestinal calcium absorption, which may result in hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency; – <2.2 mmol/L; <8.8 mg/dL)).
- Magnesium deficiency (inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion and can lead to hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency) in this way).
- A rare genetic defect of the calcium-sensitive receptor with a downward shift in the threshold for ionized calcium (autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency)), which causes functional hypoparathyroidism and can result in hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency)
- A high intake of oxalic acid-containing foods – beet, parsley, rhubarb, spinach, chard, nuts – and cereals with high phytate content (whole grain-rich diet), because both oxalate and phytate inhibit calcium absorption by forming poorly soluble complexes.
- Breastfeeding women – during lactation (breastfeeding phase), 250 to 350 mg of calcium is released daily through the milk.
Attention. Note on the state of supply (National Consumption Study II 2008) In the age group of 19-80 LJ. only 35-48% of women and only 39-67% men reach the intake recommendation, with poorer intake with age. The worst supplied men and women lack about 500 mg calcium. (DGE recommendation 1,000 mg/day).
