Cause of multiple sclerosis

Until today the cause of multiple sclerosis has not been thoroughly researched, only theories can be put forward. Relevant in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis are the so-called myelin sheaths. Like fatty tubes, these sheath the nerves in sections.

The function of the myelin sheaths is to accelerate the transmission of stimuli along the nerve. Since the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) is dependent on this rapid transmission of stimuli, there are countless nerves with myelin sheaths. In multiple sclerosis, these myelin sheaths are destroyed by the body’s own antigens.

The destruction causes inflammation of the nerves, which leads to demyelination of the nerve fibers. When the inflammation subsides after days, the symptoms also disappear again. However, scars appear on the nerves, which can be seen through plaques on the MRI.

Why the myelin sheaths are attacked by the body’s own immune system is not fully understood. The plaques can also lead to permanent deficits in the body. A variety of environmental factors and also infections are suspected as causes. The herpes virus or the Epstein-Barr virus are suspected to be the cause of these infections. Environmental factors such as smoking, a generally unhealthy lifestyle or vitamin D deficiency are also being investigated or counted as influencing factors.

Treatment of multiple sclerosis

A cure for multiple sclerosis is still not possible today. However, the symptoms and relapses can be treated. Medication can be used to reduce the relapses and to lengthen the intervals between two relapses.

Treatment is also carried out according to the symptoms and there is a wide range of treatment options. Since the inflammation can occur anywhere in the central nervous system, any part of the body can be affected. If speech is impaired, speech therapy can actively help the patient to train his or her speaking ability.

Ergo- and physiotherapy can also be prescribed if the patient is independent and mobile. Especially when the patient is bedridden, there is a risk of contractures and osteoporosis. As a result of immobility, the patient’s muscles deteriorate and bone density becomes more porous.If the patient is able to move independently and is mobile without aids, he can keep his body powerful with a variety of exercises.

This also applies to patients who are dependent on a wheelchair. Here the patient can test his possibilities by training and use these for his independence. Training in occupational and physiotherapy includes the practice of activities and also strength training.

Stretching exercises and manual grips from the therapist can help with tension. In the case of psychological problems, the patient can be treated psychotherapeutically. Furthermore, the patient’s environment is directed towards him.

In case of necessary aids, these will be provided by the therapist. Also the living space should be adapted to the patient’s condition. This is to ensure that he is not hindered by his environment to be independent.

The inflammatory processes in the brain and spinal cord are caused by an overreaction of the immune system. In acute attacks, methylprednisolone and plasmapheresis are very effective, so that the symptoms improve again after a few days. In order to dampen the immune system itself and prevent further attacks, immune modulation can be used.

Research is continuing into new drugs to treat multiple sclerosis. Other treatments may include the use of cannabis to reduce pain or bone marrow transplantation. However, cannabis is only used when there is no other effective treatment for pain. If depression and fatigue are added to multiple sclerosis, they can also be treated with antidepressants.