Cerebrum
Synonym: Telencephalon Definition: The cerebrum is also called the end brain and is a part of the central nervous system. It consists of two hemispheres, separated by the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum. The two hemispheres can be further divided into four lobes.
Here, innumerable integration processes take place, including the following: Anatomy: A cerebral hemisphere consists of four brain lobes: None of these four areas could be assigned to the cinguli gyrus that runs above the brain bar and the insula or islet cortex.The surface of the brain is strongly folded and thus interspersed with coils (gyri) and furrows (sulci). This results in an extensive increase in surface area. According to histology, the cerebrum can be divided into 52 different cortex fields, which are called Brodman areas after their initial description.
The basal ganglia also belong to the cerebrum. They are located in the medullary canal, i.e. below or further inside than the cerebral cortex (subcortical). They play a central role in the coordination and fine tuning of movements.
- Motor skills
- View
- Listen to
- Feel
- Behavior
- Memory
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
Anatomy & Function: Basal ganglia include striatum – consisting of caudatus nucleus and putamen – pallidum, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. The subthalamic nucleus is actually located in the subthalamus, a part of the diencephalon. Functionally, however, it belongs to the basal ganglia.
Adjacent to the area of the basal ganglia is the internal capsule, through which numerous nerve fibers run centrally or peripherally. It borders on the thalamus. The basal ganglia are closely interlinked with each other and with the cortex via numerous nerve fibers.
They function as a complex network. Thus, they inhibit or activate each other in complex control loops and thus ensure fine-tuning of motor functions, which is first roughly planned by the cortex. Clinical background: Lesions in the area of the basal ganglia can lead to diseases that result in motor dysfunction.
For example, Parkinson’s disease. This is characterized by a lack of mobility (akinesia), rigor (increased muscle tone with stiffness of the muscles) and a resting tremor. A deficiency of the messenger substance dopamine in the area of the substantia nigra is assumed to be the cause.
An almost opposite clinical picture is the Huntington’s chorea. Among other symptoms, it impresses with excessive movements of the extremities and also of the mimic musculature. It is based on a degeneration of nerve cells in the striatum.
Synonym: olfactory cortex Anatomy & Function: The olfactory brain is located in the paleocortex, the oldest part of the cerebral cortex in terms of developmental history. It is located in the lower part of the frontal lobe (frontobasal). The first stage in the development of olfactory perception are the sensory cells of the olfactory mucosa.
Their nerve cell extensions form the olfactory nerve, the first of the twelve cranial nerves. This runs to the olfactory bulb located in the frontal lobe. From there, the nerve fibers run via the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex. From here, the information reaches numerous other places, including the thalamus in the neocortex, where olfactory perception is analyzed, interpreted and finally recognized, and the amygdala (amygdala core).
