Chair Viewing

• Normal stool color (due to stercobilin/stercobilin), the more meat food the darker

• Normal stool color in infants; in breast milk stools: golden yellowish.
• Occurrence in diarrhea (diarrhea) and antibiotic therapy.

• Blood stool or rectal bleeding (hematochezia); appearance of visible blood impaction from lower intestinal segments (colon/large intestine, rectum/foremast)
• Discoloration due to food: beet.
• Blood can be visible or occult (hidden; invisible)!

• Tarry stools (melena; pitch stools); bleeding from the upper parts of the intestine:
  • Esophageal hemorrhage/esophageal hemorrhage.
  • Gastric or duodenal bleeding)
• Discoloration due to food: blueberries, blackberries, blueberries, black cherries; red wine.
• Discoloration due to medication: iron preparations, animal charcoal (for constipation), bismuth preparations.
• Normal stool color in neonatal stool (meconium).

• If the intestinal transit is too rapid, the stool may be greenish. Under normal circumstances, bile pigments (the yellowish bilirubin and greenish biliverdin) are broken down in the intestine by resident bacteria to form stercobilin, bilifuscin, and mesobilifuscin, which give the stool its characteristic coloration.
• Discoloration due to food: a lot of spinach or salads.
• Disease: dysbiosis (disturbance of the intestinal flora, there is increased formation of fermentation and putrefaction products) due to antibiotic therapy.

• Mucus or pus (pus; typically yellowish exudate).

• Acholic stool; stool in biliary obstruction (bile duct obstruction); shiny and gray also in fatty stools (steatorrhea or pancreatic stools).
• White also with X-ray contrast medium

• Normal chair shape: sausage-like with cracked or smooth surface (= ideal chair).
• According to Bristol Stool Scale (English : Bristol Stool Scale, also Bristol Stool Chart): type 3 + 4.

According to the Bristol Stool Shapes Scale, the following 7 types that describe fecal incontinence are distinguished:

• Type 1: single, hard, nut-sized balls.
• Type 2: sausage-like, lumpy
• Type 3: sausage-like with cracked surface
• Type 4: sausage-like with smooth surface
• Type 5: individual soft, smooth-edged lumps.
• Type 6: single soft clumps with frayed edge.
• Type 7: watery, without solid components.

• White to gray-white chair
• Stool in cholestasis (bile stasis)/acholism (bile duct obstruction due to stone, tumor, etc.)

• Stenosis (narrowing of the bowel)
  • Anatomic stenosis: e.g., due to malignant (malignant) neoplasms (rectal cancer/bowel cancer).
  • Functional stenosis: spastic constriction of the intestine (functional bowel disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome)

• Reddish to red stool
• Bleeding from the lower intestinal segments (colon/large intestine, rectum/foremast); causes are: Tumors, severe intestinal inflammation and diarrhea (diarrhea).
• Accumulated blood (bright red blood) often comes from hemorrhoids, fissures (eg, anal fissure) or adenomas (colon polyps).
• Discoloration due to food: beet

• Black stool
• Bleeding from the upper portions of the intestine:
  • Esophageal hemorrhage/esophageal hemorrhage.
  • Gastric or duodenal bleeding
• Discoloration from food: blackberries, blueberries, black cherries; red wine.
• Discoloration due to medications: iron preparations, animal charcoal (for constipation), bismuth preparations.
• Normal stool color in neonatal stool (meconium).

• Pus (suppuration) in diverticulitis (inflamed intestinal protrusions), progressive (advanced) tumors, parasitic infestations

• Foul smelling, pungent smelling rather thin stool.
• Putrefactive dyspepsia (increase in putrefactive processes in the small intestine and especially colon / large intestine as a result of inadequate protein (protein) digestion); for example, with enzyme deficiency, dysbiosis (disturbed intestinal flora), inflammatory bowel processes, tumors with increased protein-rich secretion.

• Shiny and gray stool; clay-like.
• In fatty stools (steatorrhea/also steatorrhea; synonyms: pancreatic stools; butter stools; ointment stools; pancreatic stools); pungent smelling;
• From 7 g of fat per day in the stool is called fatty stools (normal: 3.5 g per 100 g of stool).
• Causes
  • Maldigestion (poor digestion of fat) wg ;
    • Defect of synthesis: lack of pancreatic secretion (pancreatic fluid) due toex:
      • Chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), cystic fibrosis (genetic disease characterized by the production of too tame mucus in various organs).
    • Defect of secretion wg :
      • Deficiency of pancreatic secretion due to obstruction of the ductus pancreaticus (pancreatic duct) (e.g. due to stone, tumor, etc.)
      • Deficiency of bile acids due tobile duct obstruction (gallstone, tumor, etc.).
  • Malabsorption (poor absorption of the fat).
    • Intestinal absorption disorder, for example, because of severe diarrhea (diarrhea), scleroderma (collagenosis associated with hardening of connective tissue of the skin alone or the skin and internal organs, especially digestive tract, lungs, heart and kidneys) of the intestine, etc..
    • Drainage disorder of the lymphatic vessels of the intestine.

• Large amounts of a foamy stool (floats on water); smells very pungent
• Fermentation dyspepsia (inadequate breakdown of carbohydrates/sugars in the upper small intestine and resulting increased bacterial fermentation by gas-forming bacteria in the small and large intestines)
• Causes: too much carbohydrate intake, too fast passage through the small intestine, lack of pancreatic secretion (pancreatic fluid), for example, due topancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, fistula between the stomach and colon (large intestine), etc..

• Pulpy, mucousy, bloody stools in amoebic dysentery – caused by an amoeba (alternate animal) of the species Entamoeba histolytica; 40-50 bowel movements per day!

• Flour-soup-like stools in cholera – infectious disease caused by the gram-negative rod Vibrio cholerae; rice-water colored diarrhea (diarrhea).

• Hardened fecal pads (skybala), in the form of pellets (spastic stool).
• Causes: passage inhibition by spastic colon parts (parts of the colon) or spastic constipation / constipation (e.g., in functional disorders such as irritable colon (synonyms: spastic colon, colonic neurosis, colica mucosa, irritable bowel syndrome).

• Blackish-greenish stool of the newborn; occurs within the first 24 hours.