A colposcopy is the examination of the back wall of the cervix with a special device (colposcope). Abnormal cells are identified here, possibly a biopsy is performed and, if necessary, treated right away. The primary goal of a colposcopy is early prevention of cervical cancer.
What is a colposcopy?
A colposcopy is an examination of the back wall of the cervix. The primary goal of a colposcopy is early prevention of cervical cancer. A colposcopy usually follows an abnormal cervical smear or similar examination. Colposcopy involves a close examination of the cervix with a special device (colposcope). This allows the doctor or nurse trained for this purpose to determine the degree of formation of abnormal cells. For this purpose, the walls of the cervix are usually wetted with a special liquid. Subsequently, a reaction of the cells takes place. During the examination, a biopsy is performed if necessary. This means that a small sample of the tissue is removed for more detailed analysis. If the cause of the abnormality is directly apparent, in some cases treatment can be started during the colposcopy.
Function, effect, and goals
However, the doctor’s recommendation to perform a colposcopy, which usually follows an unusual smear test, is not yet a cause for alarm. Unusual test results are quite common and can have many causes. Results may differ from normal if there was too much blood or mucus in the area at the time of testing. Human papillomavirus passed through sex is also a common cause. Most cases of cervical cancer are associated with this virus. However, in 9 out of 10 cases, the virus completely regresses from the body within two years. An average colposcopy takes about half an hour, but can drag on longer. So an hour of time should be included. The doctor or a nurse will start by asking a series of questions, usually related to period details, contraception, and general health. This is followed by the introduction of the speculum, as in a normal examination. The colposcope is used to provide a close look at the cervix. The colposcope itself is not inserted into the vagina. It resembles a large binocular with a strong light and, in some cases, some video camera. A liquid is applied with a long swab to help identify the abnormal cells. If necessary, a small piece of tissue is removed for analysis. This may be uncomfortable and a local anesthetic is used. Bleeding and secretion of a blue-green fluid may occur for a few days after colposcopy. The main purpose of colposcopy is to prevent cervical cancer. If abnormal cell development is detected by colposcopy at an early stage, treatment can prevent further maldevelopment. At this point, cancer does not yet exist, but an abnormality, if left untreated, can develop into cancer over time. If the exam finds only a mild change, treatment may not be given at all and a next appointment may be scheduled for a checkup. If treatment is needed, it will include removal or destruction of the abnormal cells by a variety of procedures (excision, laser, heat, cold).
Risks and dangers
Colposcopy is usually a very safe procedure. Some women may find the treatment somewhat uncomfortable. Very rarely, complications occur during treatment. These include heavy bleeding or infection. If heavy bleeding or unpleasant odor develops after colposcopy, the doctor should be visited again quickly. Risks and side effects that may result from the procedure are usually detailed on a letter that the patient is given to sign. A careful reading is required and possible counter-questions in case of lack of understanding. After colposcopy, the patient should follow a set of rules to avoid complications. These are also given in written form. They mostly include: no sex for a certain period of time; no tampons; no heavy lifting; no baths for at least 24 hours.
