Medical history (history of illness) is an important component in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Family History
- Are there any conditions in your family that are common, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, stroke, early mortality, amputation?
- Are there any hereditary diseases in your family?
Social anamnesis
Current medical history/systemic medical history (somatic and psychological complaints).
- Do you have increased thirst?
- Do you need to urinate very frequently? How often?
- Do you often feel tired, exhausted?
- Do you suffer from visual disturbances?
- Have you noticed any skin changes? Boils? Itching? Delayed wound healing?
- Skin lesions such as furunculosis (inflammation of multiple hair follicles).
Vegetative anamnesis including nutritional anamnesis.
- Are you overweight? Please tell us your body weight (in kg) and height (in cm).
- Do you smoke? If so, how many cigarettes, cigars or pipes per day?
- Do you drink alcohol? If yes, what drink(s) and how many glasses per day?
- Do you use drugs? If yes, what drugs and how often per day or per week?
Self history incl. medication history.
- Pre-existing conditions (dyslipidemia, hypertension/high blood pressure, erectile dysfunction/erectile dysfunction).
- Pregnancy history (birth of children > 4,000 g).
- Operations
- Allergies
- Medication history
- Environmental history
Medications (with potential diabetogenic effects).
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (dutasteride, finasteride).
- Alloxan
- Alpha blockers, centrally acting
- Antiarrhythmics
- Antibiotics
- Gyrase inhibitors (1st generation) – nalidixic acid.
- Rifampicin
- Antidepressants* *
- Tricyclic antidepressants [insulin resistance ↑, weight gain]
- Antiepileptic drugs
- Phenytoin
- Antihypertensives
- Imidazolines (clonidine)
- Antiprotozoal agents (pentamidine* , pentacarinate) [beta cell toxic effects].
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics)* * [insulin resistance ↑, weight gain]
- Atypical antipsychotics (neuroleptics) – olanzapine, risperidone [blood glucose↑]; esp. in minors and young adults.
- Antiretroviral therapeutics
- Protease inhibitors (atazanavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir) → glucose intolerance.
- Arsenic trioxide
- Benzothiadiazine derivatives (e.g., diazoxide) and analogues* * [→ potassium losses → insulin secretion ↓; effect is delayed, usually weeks to months after therapy).
- Beta-blockers* * [increase in insulin resistance as a result of weight gain; inhibition of insulin secretion from beta cell and/or decreased muscle blood flow]
- Nonselective beta blockers (eg, carvedilol, propranolol, soltalol) [inhibition of insulin secretion; more potent than selective beta blockers]
- Selective beta-blockers (e.g., atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol).
- Betamimetics (synonyms: β2-sympathomimetics, also β2-adrenoceptor agonists) – fenoterol, formoterol, hexoprenaline, indaceterol, olodaterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, salmeterol, terbutaline → hyperglycemia.
- Chemotherapeutic agents/immunosuppressants.
- Cycosporine A
- Sirolimus (rapamycin)
- Tacrolism
- Dilantin*
- Diuretics (risk increase approximately 23%).
- Furosemide
- Spironolactone
- Thiazides (thiazide diuretics)* – benzthiazide, chlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, and trichloromethiazide; thiazide analogues are: Chlortalidone, clopamide, indapamide, mefruside, meteolazone, xipamide.
- H2 antihistamines (H2 receptor antagonists, H2 antagonists, histamine H2 receptor anatgonists) – cimetidine, famotidine, lafutidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, roxatidine.
- Hormones and hormonally active substances
- ACTH
- Glucagon
- Glucocorticoids* – betamethasone, budesonide, cortisone, fluticasone, prednisolone [insulin resistance ↑; altered cellular glucose metabolism]
- Catecholamines
- Prolactin
- Thyroid hormones* – thyroxine
- Sex steroids
- Tokolytics
- Growth hormone* (WH; somatropin; Engl.: somatrophin) and analogues
- HIV therapy* *
- Nucleoside analogue (didanosine) [pancreatitis.]
- Protease inhibitors (indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, etc.) [insulin secretion ↓, insulin resistance ↑; centripetal obesity with hypertriglyceridemia]
- Indomethacin
- Immunosuppressants* * [insulin secretion↓]
- Interferon-α* / alpha-interferon [induction of organospecific autoimmune disease/type 1 diabetes]
- Lipid-lowering agents (risk increase approximately 32%); risk increase for menopausal women (hazard ratio [HR] 1.71, 95% CI, 1.61-1.83)
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)-atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin.
- Other studies support this: when adjusted for age, exercise, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, hip circumference, beta-blocker and diuretic treatment, and family history, the risk was still 46% increased (HR 1.46 [95% CI 1.22-1.74]
- Morphine
- MTOR inhibitors (everolimus, temsirolimus)
- Nicotinic acid*
- Psychoactive substances
- Haloperidol
- Imipramine
- Lithium
- Phenothiazide and derivatives
- Streptozotocin [beta cell toxic effects.]
- Sympathomimetics
- Α-adrenergic agonists
- Β-adrenergic agonists
- Theophylline
- Vacor* (pyrinuron, pyriminil; rodenticide) [beta cell toxic effects].
- Vasodilators (diazoxide).
- Cytostatics
- Alkylants (cyclophosphamide)
- L-asparaginase
* Directly diabetogenic * * Indirectly diabetogenic
Environmental exposure – intoxications (poisonings).
- Bisphenol A (BPA) as well as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF).
- Air pollutants
- Particulate matter: long-term exposure to particulate matter in children (for every 10.6 µg/m³ of additional airborne nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the incidence of insulin resistance increased by 17%. For airborne particulate matter (up to 10 µm in diameter), there was a 19% increase in insulin resistance per 6 µg/m³).
- Organic phosphates (OP) in insecticides: e.g., chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos (DDVP), fenthion, phoxim, parathion (E 605) and its ethyl and methyl derivatives, and bladane.
- Pesticides
