Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of xerostomia (dry mouth). Family history
Social history
- Is there any evidence of psychosocial stress or strain due to your family situation?
Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints).
- How long has the dry mouth been present?
- Have you noticed any other symptoms besides dry mouth, such as an unpleasant taste in your mouth or bad breath?
- What other complaints do you have in the area of the mouth (eg, burning mouth and tongue), dry mucous membranes, chewing difficulties (when eating dry food), etc.?
- Do you have pain when speaking, chewing and swallowing?
- Do you suffer from eye dryness?
- Do you have other complaints such as loss of appetite, diarrhea, pharyngitis, etc.?
Vegetative anamnesis including nutritional anamnesis.
- Do you breathe through the mouth?
- Do you snore?
- How much fluid do you drink per day?
- Do your dietary and stimulant habits (e.g., caffeine and alcohol consumption) affect saliva production?
- What is your daily urine output (have it measured if necessary)?
Self history incl. medication history.
- Pre-existing conditions (general diseases; Sjögren’s syndrome).
- Operations
- Radiotherapy
- Allergies
Medication history
- ACE inhibitors (benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, fosinopril, imidapril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, trandolapril, zofenopril).
- Alpha-2 agonists (apraclonidine, brimonidine, clonidine).
- Alpha-1 receptor blockers (bunazosin, doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin).
- Anorectic (sibutramine).
- Anti-allergic (H1 antihistamines)
- Anticholinergics (ipratropium bromide) [via peripheral receptor blockade]; biperiden, darifenacin, ipratropium bromide, metixen, methanthelinium bromide, oxybutynin, phenoxybenzamine, propiverine, scopolamine, solifenacin, tiotropium, tolterodine, trihexyphenidyl, trospium chloride).
- Methanthelinium bromide
- See also under “Anticholinergic effects due to drugs” if applicable.
- Antidepressants [via central receptor blockade].
- Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSA) – mirtazapine.
- Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARI) – reboxetine, viloxazine.
- Selective serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRI) – duloxetine, venlafaxine.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) – trazodone
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) – amitriptyline, butriptyline, cianopramine, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, melitrace, nortriptyline, opipramol, protriptyline, trimipramine).
- Antiemetics (dimenhydrinate, scopolamine).
- Antiepileptic drugs (gabapentin)
- Antihistamines (clemastine, dimetindene, ketotifen).
- Antiparkinsonian drugs
- Anticholinergics (belladonna whole extract, benzatropine, biperiden, bornaprin, metixen, pridinol, procyclidine, scopolamine, trihexyphenidyl).
- Dopaminergic substances (amantadine, apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, alpha-dihydroergocryptine, levodopa, lisuride, memantine, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole).
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Conventional (Classical) antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Tricyclic neuroleptics – phenothiazine type (levomepromazine, triflupromazine).
- Conventional (Classical) antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Antisympathotonics (α-methyldopa).
- Anxiolytics (azapirone, hydroxyzine).
- SS-3-mimetic (mirabegron)
- Beta-blocker (metoprolol)
- Bronchodilators (β2-mimetics) – salbutamol, terbutaline).
- Carboanhydrase inhibitors, local (brinzolamide, dorzolamide).
- Diuretics
- Loop diuretics (azosemide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid, etozolin, furosemide, piretanide, torasemide).
- Thiazide diuretics (benzthiazide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichloromethiazide).
- Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride).
- Dopamine antagonists (butyrophenones: haloperidol).
- Drugs – amphetamines (alpha-methylphenethylamine, also phenylisopropylamine or speed), tetrahydrocannabinol.
- Hypnotics
- Magnesium sulfate
- Narcotics, centrally acting analgesics.
- Opioid antagonists (nalmefene, naltrexone).
- Parasympatholytics (atropine).
- Perchlorates (perchlorate)
- Psychotropic substances such as modafinil
- Sedatives
- Spasmolytics (butylscopolamine)
- Sympathomimetics
- Indirect sympathomimetics (amphetamines).
- Cytostatics
Environmental history
- Dry indoor air