A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps:
- General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height.
- Ophthalmologic examination* – to rule out vision problems.
- ENT medical examination – to exclude hearing disorders.
- Neurological examination – to exclude neurological disorders.
- Neuropsychological functions in the area of visual, auditory and kinesthetic-tactile perception, motor function and integration or coordination.
- Neurological and, if necessary, neurophysiological examination of the functions of the central nervous system.
* Diagnosis by the ophthalmologist and orthoptist in the differential diagnosis of reading and / or spelling disorder versus ocular reading disorder (modified after Trauzettel-Klosinski).
| Visual acuity | Distance/near, right/left eye/binocular, with/without correction |
| Eye position | Coverage test distance/near distance, light/object |
| Eye mobility | with light or object |
| Convergence reaction | with object |
| Accommodation | Near point determination: right/left eye with small object |
| Fusion width | free space, prisms |
| Stereo vision | TNO test/long test |
| Eye findings | Anterior segments, retina, optic nerve |
| Refraction | Objective determination of refractive anomaly after drug elimination of accommodation (cycloplegia: complete paralysis of the ciliary muscle resulting in elimination of the eye’s ability to accommodate) |
| Glasses | Determination of existing glasses |
