Definition
Epigenetics is a broad and comprehensive biological discipline that deals with genetic functions that go beyond the mere sequencing of DNA bases. The genetic material consists primarily of DNA strands that are formed from differently arranged base pairs. In every human being there are differences in the order of the base pairs, which in the end determine the individuality of each person.
However, even with the same genetic material, epigenetic factors can cause the gene sequences to be converted differently and lead to further differences. These epigenetic characteristics of a person can nowadays only be partially examined in the genome. Even in apparently intact genetic material, diseases can be caused by this epigenetics through a subsequent modification of the genetic material.
How does epigenetics work?
The human genome, which is located in the chromosomes, consists of numerous base pairs that code for the genetic material. The base pairs define a code according to which the body converts the genetic material. Genetic diseases are caused by mutations or shifts in the genes at individual bases, which causes the code to be faulty and produces a wrong gene.
A typical example of such a disease is mucoviscidosis. Here, different mutations and malformations lead to a defect of the “CFTR gene”, which codes for a chloride channel in various organs. In the case of epigenetic changes, such a clear change in the gene is not present.
In order to convert the gene into a corresponding product that is active and effective in the body, numerous other processes come into play: The DNA is packaged and must first be loosened to expose the gene sequences to be produced. In epigenetics, processes now occur at the DNA bases themselves or at the packaging of the DNA strands, which changes the production method of individual gene segments. This allows individual gene regions to be highlighted while other sections are silenced.
The effects of epigenetic changes on the genome can be considerable. Important gene sequences may be completely silenced, while other genes are overproduced. This can lead to diseases and different physical characteristics in different ways.
In the course of life, epigenetics change due to age and under the influence of hormones and environmental factors. For this reason, epigenetics is believed to have a significant influence on the development of cardiovascular diseases and the process of aging. Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, diabetes and psychiatric disorders may also be related to epigenetic changes. A lot of research is still being done in this field, so that various diseases can possibly be explained and better treated in the future.
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