Feline Epidemic

Symptoms

The leading symptom of feline epidemic disease is diarrhea with intestinal inflammation, damage to the intestinal mucosa, and dehydration. Also observed are vomiting, fever, poor general condition, lymphopenia, neutropenia, immunosuppression, eye disease, abortion in pregnant cats, and cerebral movement disorders in newborns. Kittens are most susceptible to the disease, and fatal outcomes are common.

Causes

Feline panleukopenia is caused by infection with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a nonenveloped virus of the parovirus family that affects raccoons, minks, and foxes in addition to cats. The virus initially replicates in the mouth and throat and spreads secondarily to many organs and rapidly dividing tissues. Significantly, it infects the immune system, leading to immunosuppression, and infects the intestine, causing the severe diarrhea. Canine parvovirus (CPV) is closely related to feline panleukopenia virus and causes infections in dogs.

Transmission

Transmission is direct or indirect fecal-oral and via other secretions. The virus is resistant to environmental exposure and can remain infectious on surfaces for months. Even healthy animals can shed the virus.

Vaccination

Because of the potential complications and widespread distribution, it is recommended that all cats – even those that live indoors only – be vaccinated. Attenuated live and, less commonly, dead vaccines are used, both of which are included in combination preparations. The first dose is injected subcutaneously at 8-9 weeks, the second 3-4 weeks later (Fevaxyn, Feligen, Nobivac, Purevax). Repeat vaccinations are necessary.

Treatment

Treatment is veterinary care with symptomatic measures such as water and electrolyte supplementation and transfusions. Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat infections. Other options include antidiarrhoica, antiemetics, immune sera with FPV antibodies, and possibly interferon omega.