Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Hyper-/hypoparathyroidism (parathyroid hyperfunction/ hypothyroidism).
- Hyper-/hypothyroidism (hyperthyroidism/ hypothyroidism).
- Vitamin D deficiency
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Bacterial infections (e.g., Lyme disease, yersiniosis).
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Collagenoses (group of connective tissue diseases caused by autoimmune processes) – systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM), Sjögren’s syndrome (Sj), scleroderma (SSc), and Sharp syndrome (“mixed connective tissue disease”, MCTD).
- Myopathies (muscle diseases, inflammatory, metabolic,endocrine).
- Myalgia (muscle pain, toxic, in damage to the CNS and peripheral nervous system).
- Osteoporosis (bone loss)
- Polymyalgia rheumatica – disease from the rheumatic forms
- Sjögren’s syndrome (group of sicca syndromes) – autoimmune disease from the group of collagenoses, which leads to a chronic inflammatory disease of the exocrine glands, most often the salivary and lacrimal glands; typical sequelae or complications of sicca syndrome are:
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) due to lack of wetting of the cornea and conjunctiva with tear fluid.
- Increased susceptibility to caries due to xerostomia (dry mouth) due to reduced salivary secretion.
- Rhinitis sicca (dry nasal mucous membranes), hoarseness and chronic cough irritation and impaired sexual function due to disruption of mucous gland production of the respiratory tract and genital organs.
Mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Chronic inflammatory bowel disease
- Celiac disease (gluten-induced enteropathy) – chronic disease of the small intestinal mucosa (lining of the small intestine) due to hypersensitivity to the cereal protein gluten.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Tumor diseases, unspecified
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
- Depression
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Restless legs syndrome (restless legs syndrome).
- Sleep apnea – breathing pauses during sleep leading to fatigue during the day to sudden falling asleep.
Medication
- Proton pump inhibitors (proton pump inhibitors, PPI, acid blockers).
- Statins (statin therapy with or without CK elevation).
- Arthralgia (joint pain) and myalgia (muscle pain) associated with aromatase inhibitors and interferons
- For other medications, see “Drug Side Effects” under “Painful Myopathies Caused by Medications.”
Further
