The following symptoms and complaints may indicate foot deformities:
Hacked foot (pes calcaneus).
- Excessive dorsiflexion (= foot bent upward; steep downward heel).
- Impeded (impossible) plantar flexion (= sole of foot turned outward).
- If necessary, pressure points on the dorsum of the foot / lower leg.
Hanging foot
- Steppergang
High arch (pes cavus, pes excavatus)
- High instep (dorsum of the foot)
- Pressure painful, weighted metatarsal heads.
- Rearfoot varus (occurs due to crossed metatarsalia/midfoot bones).
Clubfoot (pes equinovarus, supinatus, excavatus et adductus).
- Immediately after birth conspicuous
- Supination (inward rotation) of the foot (= sole of the foot points inward).
- Fainted calf muscles (clubfoot calf).
- In clubfoot, several malformations come together:
- Supination or varus position (lat. varus “bent outward”) of the hindfoot (pes varus).
- Sickle foot position of the forefoot (pes adductus).
- Anspreizfuß (Pes supinatus)
- Pointed foot (Pes equinus)
- Hollow foot (Pes excavatus)
This is associated with a shortening of the Achilles tendon.
Bending foot (pes valgus)
- Sinking at the medial (inner) edge of the foot
- Elevation of the lateral (outer) edge of the foot
- Valgus position (lat. valgus “crooked”, inwardly curved) of the heel.
- Occasional pain in adolescence / adulthood.
- Soles of shoes are worn down on the inside edge.
- The infantile buckling drop foot (buckling drop foot) often regresses during growth.
Flatfoot (pes planus)
- Convex sole of the foot (= longitudinal arch of the foot pushed through downward) – often overlooked in infants.
- Hindfoot valgus position (arises from crossed metatarsalia / metatarsal bones).
- Discomfort on the inner edge of the foot and in the area of the navicular bone and to the sole of the foot.
- Pressure ulcers in untreated flatfoot, limiting walking.
Flatfoot
- Flattened longitudinal arch of the foot, i.e. the arch of the sole of the foot on the inside of the foot in front of the ball of the forefoot is flattened
Sickle foot (pes adductus)
- Increased arching of the metatarsus and toes inward (adduction position).
- Big toe or all toes stand inwards
- Hindfoot valgus position (arises from crossed metatarsalia / metatarsal bones).
Pointed foot (pes equinus)
- Valgus position of the heel (= high standing of the heel).
- Foot is fixed in flexion (plantar flexion) in the upper ankle joint
- Functional leg extension
- Genu recurvatum (hollow knee; saber leg) – excessive extension of the knee joint over 180 degrees.
Splayfoot (pes transversoplanus).
- Spreading apart the bony rays of the metatarsus.
- “small arch of the foot” or “transverse arch” has passed through
- Painful calluses (below the metatarsophalangeal joints of the second and third toes).
- Pain in the foot
- Pressure points
- Often in combination with hammer toe, claw toe, hallux valgus (crooked toe; crookedness of the big toe, which thereby deviates laterally (away from the body midline) in the metatarsophalangeal joint (Articulatio metatarsophalangea) towards the outer edge of the foot).
