Products
Gramicidin is contained in topically applied medicines, for example, creams, ointments, lozenges, eye drops, and ear drops. These are usually combination preparations. Gramicidin was discovered in the late 1930s by René J. Dubos in New York at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. It is therefore also known as gramicidin D.
Structure and properties
Gramicidin consists of a family of antimicrobially active linear polypeptides of D- and L-amino acids usually obtained by extraction from tyrothricin. The thyrothricin complex is obtained from the fermentation medium of the soil bacterium Dubos. The substance consists mainly of gramicidin A1 (C99H140N20O17, Mr = 1882 g/mol), accompanied in particular by gramicidins A2, B1, C1, and C2. Gramicidin exists as a white, crystalline, odorless, and weakly hygroscopic powder that is practically insoluble in water.
Effects
Gramicidin (ATC R02AB30) has bactericidal properties against Gram-positive bacteria. It forms an ion channel in the cell membrane through which monovalent cations flow. As a result, the antibiotic disrupts ion distribution, leading to cell death.
Indications
For local treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.
Dosage
According to the professional information. Use depends on the preparation.
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity
For complete precautions, see the drug label.
Adverse effects
Possible adverse effects include local and allergic reactions. Gramicidin causes hemolysis when administered systemically and is therefore applied only locally.
