General information
The gum (lat. Gingiva, Greek ulis) is part of the periodontium and represents the epithelial component. Since the gum lacks a subcutaneous tissue (subcutis), it cannot be moved. In addition, the gums cannot be reproduced.
Structure of the gums
Histologically, the gums consist of a multi-layered squamous epithelium with hardly any horny layers. Even if the gums cannot be completely reproduced, the mucosa has a high regenerative capacity and therefore heals very quickly. Between each tooth and the gum there is a small gingival furrow (sulcus gingivae).
In healthy gums this furrow is about 2mm deep. The inner marginal epithelium faces this furrow. It is divided into the sulcus epithelium which glides freely on the tooth and the adhesive epithelium.
The adhesive epithelium is connected to the root cement by small connecting cells (hemidesmosomes). Between the individual teeth, the gum is triangular in shape. This gum is called interdental papilla (papilla interdentalis). The borderline between the gum and the dark red oral mucosa, which is movable, is called the mucogingival line (mucogingival border).
Clinic
Since the gums can quickly become inflamed, especially in the small furrows (gingivitis), regular and thorough cleaning of the sulci is necessary. This cleaning is somewhat more difficult because the furrows are difficult to reach with a toothbrush. Gingivitis is accompanied by toothache, redness of the gums and bleeding gums.
The therapy and prophylaxis consists of intensive oral hygiene (dental care). In addition, the gum furrows and depressions can be widened and are then called gum pockets. Gum pockets more than 2mm deep are considered to be a disease.
