Surgical procedures should be used only in patients with long-standing gynecomastia that is not spontaneously regressive (receding) or regressive with medication [EAA Leilinie].
Subcutaneous mastectomy (surgical removal of the mammary gland body without the skin, nipple, and areola)* is required when:
- Gynecomastia does not regress after puberty (<5% persist) and there is a resulting distress (disturbed self-esteem, social isolation).
- Neoplasms, cysts or fibrosis (result in gynecomastia persisting for more than one year) are present.
* Therapy standard in plastic surgery is the combination therapy of resection (surgical removal of the glandular body or excess breast tissue) and liposuction (liposuction).
