Vitamin K was not included in the National Nutrition Survey II (2008). Regarding the intake of vitamin K in the German population, data exist from the 2004 Nutrition Report of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). These data on vitamin K intake are based on estimates and only reflect the average intake. No statements can be … Vitamin K: Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Vitamin K: Intake
Vitamin K deficiency is mainly due to Chronic gastrointestinal diseases, for example, deficient absorption in Crohn’s disease, decreased utilization in liver cirrhosis and cholestasis, transport disturbances due to, for example, lymphatic drainage disorders or insufficient carrier protein (VLDL). Interactions with drugs especially is blocked by prolonged use of antibiotics (for example, ampicillin, cephalosporins or tetracyclines) … Vitamin K: Symptoms of Deficiency
Risk groups for vitamin K deficiency include individuals with: Inadequate intake, for example, in eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or parenteral nutrition. Malabsorption due to gastrointestinal diseases. Decreased utilization in cirrhosis and cholestasis of the liver. Impaired transport in lymphatic drainage disorders. Blockade of the vitamin K cycle by drugs, such as antibiotics, salicylate … Vitamin K: Risk Groups
The United Kingdom Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) last assessed vitamins and minerals for safety in 2003 and set a so-called Safe Upper Level (SUL) or Guidance Level for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This SUL or Guidance Level reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause … Vitamin K: Safety Assessment
Cofactor in carboxylation reactions Vitamin K plays an essential role as a cofactor in the conversion of coagulation proteins into their coagulant forms. In this process, vitamin K is involved in the carboxylation-reaction to introduce a carboxyl group into an organic compound-of specific glutamic acid residues of vitamin K-dependent proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) … Vitamin K: Functions
Interactions of vitamin K with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin A and vitamin E High doses of vitamin A and vitamin E affect vitamin K metabolism. In this regard, sufficient vitamin A interferes with vitamin K absorption, whereas a form of vitamin E (tocopherol quinones) inhibits the vitamin K-dependent carboylase enzyme.