Urinary bladder carcinoma is classified as follows:
TNM classification for staging
T: depth of infiltration of the tumor.
- Tis: carcinoma in situ
- Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
- T1: infiltration to lamina submucosa
- T2a/b: Infiltration Infiltration of urinary bladder muscles (a: superficial/b: deep).
- T3 a/b: Infiltration of perivesical structures (a: microscopic/b: macroscopic).
- T4 a/b: Infiltration of adjacent organs (a: prostate/uterus, vagina, b: abdominal/pelvic wall).
N: lymph node involvement
- N0: no lymph node metastases.
- N1: lymph node metastases < 2 cm
- N2: Lymph node metastases 2-5 cm
- N3: Lymph node metastases > 5 cm
M: Metastases
- M0: no distant metastases
- M1: distant metastases
G: Grading
- G1: well differentiated
- G2: moderately differentiated
- G3: poorly differentiated to undifferentiated
T classification of non-muscle-invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder (NMIBC; non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer). (Mod. to)
pTa | Noninvasive papillary carcinoma |
pTis | Carcinoma in situ, “flat tumor” |
pT1 | Tumor infiltrates subepithelial connective tissue |
WHO grading of 2004 noninvasive urothelial neoplasms. (Mod. to).
Flat lesions | Hyperplasia |
Reactive atypia | |
Atypia that cannot be further classified | |
Urothelial dysplasia | |
CIS (high-grade dysplasia) | |
Papillary lesions | Papilloma (benign) |
Papillary urothelial neoplasia of low malignant potential (PUNLMP). | |
Papillary urothelial carcinoma (“low grade”). | |
Papillary urothelial carcinoma (“high grade”) |
Legend
- CIS = carcinoma in situ