Hyperprolactinemia, Prolactinoma: Classification

Urinary bladder carcinoma is classified as follows:

TNM classification for staging

T: depth of infiltration of the tumor.

  • Tis: carcinoma in situ
  • Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
  • T1: infiltration to lamina submucosa
  • T2a/b: Infiltration Infiltration of urinary bladder muscles (a: superficial/b: deep).
  • T3 a/b: Infiltration of perivesical structures (a: microscopic/b: macroscopic).
  • T4 a/b: Infiltration of adjacent organs (a: prostate/uterus, vagina, b: abdominal/pelvic wall).

N: lymph node involvement

  • N0: no lymph node metastases.
  • N1: lymph node metastases < 2 cm
  • N2: Lymph node metastases 2-5 cm
  • N3: Lymph node metastases > 5 cm

M: Metastases

  • M0: no distant metastases
  • M1: distant metastases

G: Grading

  • G1: well differentiated
  • G2: moderately differentiated
  • G3: poorly differentiated to undifferentiated

T classification of non-muscle-invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder (NMIBC; non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer). (Mod. to)

pTa Noninvasive papillary carcinoma
pTis Carcinoma in situ, “flat tumor”
pT1 Tumor infiltrates subepithelial connective tissue

WHO grading of 2004 noninvasive urothelial neoplasms. (Mod. to).

Flat lesions Hyperplasia
Reactive atypia
Atypia that cannot be further classified
Urothelial dysplasia
CIS (high-grade dysplasia)
Papillary lesions Papilloma (benign)
Papillary urothelial neoplasia of low malignant potential (PUNLMP).
Papillary urothelial carcinoma (“low grade”).
Papillary urothelial carcinoma (“high grade”)

Legend

  • CIS = carcinoma in situ