Pathogenesis (development of disease)
Latex allergy is triggered by natural latex. It is either an immediate-type allergy (type I) to various water-soluble proteins in natural latex or a type IV contact allergy to additives in latex products.
The allergy of the immediate type (synonyms: Type I allergy, Type I allergy, Type I immune reaction, immediate allergic reaction) is characterized by a rapid reaction of the immune system (within seconds or minutes) upon second contact with the allergen (latex proteins).
The initial contact, which is usually asymptomatic, is called sensitization. In this case, T and B lymphocytes independently recognize the antigen in question. The secondary reaction is IgE-mediated. Here, the allergen binds to the IgE present on the mast cells and histamine is released. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes are released.
Type IV allergy, is an allergy that is cellularly mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes. It is triggered by contact with additives (contact allergy) in latex production.
Etiology (causes)
Biographic causes
- Occupations
- Healthcare workers
- Workers in the rubber processing industry
Disease-related causes
Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisonings).
- Rubber processing industry
- Rubber gloves
- Condoms
Other causes
- Children with condition after multiple surgeries
Natural latex is contained in, among others:
- Medical devices and aids (eg, respiratory masks, ECG accessories, gloves, adhesive plasters, compression bandages / stockings, condoms, plasters).
- Anti-slip socks
- Breathing and carnival masks
- Baby bottles, baby teats / pacifiers
- Canning jelly
- Finger cots
- Rubber cuff
- Rubber animals
- Chewing gum
- Children’s toys
- Balloons
- Air mattresses
- Sponge rubber
- Earplugs
- Erasers
- Socks / stockings / tights
- Hot water bottles
