Laws of Training Science
- Deterministic laws (exact description, e.g. speed of submersion, tower jumping)
- Indeterministic laws (not completely exact description, start-up speed for long jump)
- Basic research (general generation of background knowledge)
- Application research (provision of rules/legalities generated in science)
- Evaluation research (scientific processing of knowledge collected from practice)
The training science, as an empirical science, is a branch of sports science with the goal to analyze athletic performance in order to draw conclusions about the trainability. […] The training science, as an applied science, integrates findings from other sciences in the canon of sports science to better explain the performance limiting factors of sports training. Among these sciences are others: Although training theory is often used in the literature as a synonym for training science, it is more a form of applying scientific knowledge to sport.
- Sports Psychology
- Sports Sociology
- Anatomy
- Sports Physiology and
- Biomechanics.
…] planned and systematic realization to achieve specific goals in and through sports. from a sports medicine point of view: …] systematic repetition of supra-threshold stimuli with changes in functional status and morphological adaptation with the aim of improving performance. Training is a complex process of sporting activities with the intention of achieving a desired state of performance by means of objective, continuous and planned training.
It does not necessarily have to be an improvement of the sporting performance. The performance-determining and performance-limiting parameters of the sport must first be determined in order to improve the performance of the sport on this basis. For competition-oriented sports, training means achieving the optimal functional state at a certain point in time by periodizing and cycling the training plan.
Performance-determining factors: For training science, the concept of training is only relevant in the context of sport. A distinction is made between the following training goals
- Strength, speed, endurance, mobility
- Movement Coordination
- Psychological factors
- Cooperation skills
- Systematic training to achieve goals in sports (performance improvement, competition – victory at the Olympics)
- Training to achieve goals through sport (personality development, ability to cooperate, but also the promotion of health)
The contents of training science include all areas of sports performance optimization and competition preparation in the conditional and coordinative areas. In the conditional area, a distinction is made between strength, endurance, speed and mobility.
The training science uses numerous methods to make performance improvements measurable and thus comparable. The areas of application of training science are so varied and range from the training beginner, to the performance improvement of top athletes. With the help of training science, optimal performance in all sports can be achieved through specific training methods.
Training Science analyzes the development of athletic performance and thus determines which factors are relevant to achieve the training goal and which are not.In addition, the training science develops diagnostic procedures to make athletic performance measurable and creates target values for practical use. The training science is thus upstream of the training practice. In training practice, actual values are determined, actual values are compared with target values (actual – target – values) and training gains are determined based on actual – actual values.
The training science is therefore indispensable for adequate, goal-oriented, practical training. The importance of training science for school sports. […] in former times training according to scientific and pedagogical principles was defined as a process of sportive perfection by systematic and plamorous influence on the ability and willingness to perform with the aim to bring athletes to high and highest performances.
today we know that this definition is too much related to competitive sports. [… ] today, training is defined as open to everyone (beginners, advanced, competitive sports), as student, youth, active, age sportsmen and women for those who want to increase, maintain or restore their performance. furthermore, training is characterized by the planned and systematic realization of measures to achieve sustainable goals in and through sports.
Possible applications of training science for school sports:
- In sports/sports internal goals: Improvement of athletic performance
- Through sport / sport text goals: personality-forming qualities.
- Improvement of skills and athletic performance (related to the middle and lower performance level
- Prevention, or preservation of the sporty efficiency and the physical condition for the prophylaxis of long-term illnesses.
- Rehabilitation (special school gymnastics in a broader sense). In the form of regaining physical fitness.
In order for training science to have an influence on sports didactics, 2 conditions must be met: Training science can support sports didactics in the following areas: The 5 fields of action of training science for sports didactics: Since the controllability of performance/learning goals is an essential factor in sports didactics, it is the task of performance diagnostics to provide adequate methods to measure performance success. In addition, training science provides statistical norms for the classification of individual performance in a specific group of addressees.
According to HOHMANN et al. 2002, TWS makes contributions in the:
- Basic Research
- Applied Research
- Evaluation Research
- The motor learning target area must be given high priority in sports lessons. (Health, fitness, performance must be accepted)
- Openness to empirical research
- Formulation of motor learning and training goals
- Determination of suitable learning and training methods
- Selection of appropriate learning and training content
- Search for adequate learning and training materials
- The structure of a single sports lesson
- Longer-term planning of physical education;: from the establishment of the timetable to the development of an annual plan
- Grouping forms and measures of internal and external differentiation
- Distribution of curriculum goals among the different grades
- Precise formulation of curriculum goals (especially the health perspective)
