1. dental surgery
- Removal of non-salvageable, sharp-edged, mechanically irritating teeth/root debris.
2. oral and maxillofacial surgery.
- Biopsy (tissue sample) – if a precursor lesion is suspected: any lesion without a tendency to regress after elimination of an adequate cause or observation for two weeks is considered suspicious.
- Without/mild epithelial dysplasia (SIN I):
- Initially, further observation possible.
- Decision to excise (surgically remove tissue) dependent on location, extent, and general health status
- Moderate/higher grade epithelial dysplasia (SIN II and III):
- Complete excision of the leukoplakia in healthy tissue.
- Alternatives to surgical excision – carry the risk of increased recurrence (recurrence of disease) and frequent side effects:
- Laser therapy
- CO2 laser
- Erbium Yag laser
- Cryosurgery – targeted icing of the tissue.
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT) – procedure for the treatment of tumors with light in combination with a light-activatable substance, a so-called photosensitizer.
- Laser therapy
