Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, and obligatory laboratory parameters – for differential diagnostic clarification.
- Photoprovocation testing (= repetitive UV application for diagnostic purposes) – gold standard for diagnosis of systemic photoallergic or phototoxic reactions.
- X-ray of the thorax (X-ray thorax/chest), in two planes.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle).
- Echocardiography (echo; heart ultrasound) – for suspected structural heart disease.
- Spirometry (basic examination in the context of pulmonary function diagnostics).
- Abdominal sonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – for basic diagnostics.
- Joint examination by means of X-rays, ultrasound, duplex sonography (ultrasound examination: combination of a sonographic sectional image (B-scan) and the Doppler sonography method; imaging method in medicine that can dynamically represent fluid flows (especially blood flow)) [detection of tendovaginitis and synovitis/tendinitis and synovitis].
- Renal sonography (ultrasound examination of the kidneys).
- Renal biopsy (tissue sampling from the kidney) in proteinuria (increased excretion of protein with urine) of > 0.5 g/day – for definitive diagnosis, treatment planning, prognosis assessment of lupus nephritis.
- Funduscopy (reflection of the fundus of the eye) – due totherapy with antimalarials (base, then every 6 months).
