Respiratory System (J00-J99)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – pulmonary disease in which there is progressive (progressive) airway obstruction (narrowing) that is not fully reversible (reversible).
Blood, blood-forming organs – immune system (D50-D90).
- Acute or chronic blood loss → reticulocytosis (immature erythrocytes/red blood cells), e.g., due to genetic hematologic disorders (sickle cell disease, hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency; X-linked)).
- Megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia) – anemia (anemia) caused by vitamin B12 deficiency or, less commonly, folic acid deficiency.
- Runners anemia – anemia (anemia) due to an increase in blood plasma volume and increased hemolysis (dissolution of red blood cells) in runners.
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Folic acid deficiency
- Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
- Veganism – form of vegetarianism in which no animal products are consumed.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (synonyms: Gastrinoma; MEN; Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I) – neoplasia (neoplasm) leading to increased gastrin production and therefore also called gastrinoma → megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- HIV infection and therapy with reverse transcriptase inhibitors; macrocytosis without anemia is usually present (no therapy required)
- Helicobacter pylori infections and vitamin B12 deficiency.
Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Liver diseases such as hepatitis (inflammation of the liver; e.g., hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia).
- Portal hypertension (portal hypertension).
- Zieve syndrome – triad of: Hyperlipoproteinemia (synonym: hyperlipidemia/fatty metabolism disorder), hemolytic anemia and alcohol toxic liver damage with icterus (jaundice).
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Atrophic gastritis (gastritis) → megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia).
- Malabsorption – disorder of food absorption.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48)
- Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – acquired clonal disease of the bone marrow associated with a disorder of hematopoiesis (blood formation); defined by:
- Dysplastic cells in the bone marrow or ring sideroblasts or an increase of myeloblasts up to 19%.
- Cytopenias (decrease in the number of cells in the blood) in the peripheral blood count.
- Exclusion of reactive causes of these cytopenias.
One quarter of MDS patients develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
- Myeloproliferative disorders – group of malignant (malignant) hematological diseases (disease of the blood) that arise from monoclonal proliferation of a stem cell in the bone marrow (myeloid stem cell).
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Alcohol dependence (alcohol abuse)
Medication
- Antiepileptic drugs
- Drugs that can cause folic acid deficiency: Methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, phenytoin.
- Drugs that interfere with absorption of folic acid: Metformin, cholestyramine
- See also under “Hematoxic drugs” if applicable.
Operations
