Groups at risk for deficiency-hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficiency; <0.8 mmol/L)-include individuals with
- Age >= 65 years (decreased dietary intake, increased renal losses due to increasing incidence of disease-morbidity and increasing use of medications, such as loop diuretics and others.
- Decreased intakes, for example, malnutrition in chronic alcoholism, parenteral nutrition without adequate magnesium supplementation
- Intestinal losses and absorption disorders, for example, due to gastric juice loss during vomiting, acute and chronic diarrhea, malabsorption syndromes, acute pancreatitis (formation of insoluble and poorly absorbable magnesium fatty acid salts), alcoholism, primary hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficiency) (exceedingly rare, autosomal recessive and dominantly inherited)
- Renal losses, for example, in interstitial kidney disease, tubular defect, renal tubular acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholism (inhibition of tubular reabsorption), pharmacon-induced renal dysfunction (for example, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, cisplatin, ciclosporin A, gentamicin, aminoglycosides), Gitelman and Bartter syndromes.
- Endocrine disorders, for example, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism
- Increased need (lactating, during recovery after kwashiorkor and protein-energy malnutrition).
Magnesium supplementation is recommended for pregnant women to prevent preeclampsia (gestoses with increased blood pressure and proteinuria), decreased birth weight, and increased preterm birth rate.
Risk groups under discussion
- Athletes – a positive effect of magnesium supplementation on the performance of athletes has recently been questioned.
- Individuals with chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, preeclampsia, and diabetes mellitus
Risk groups for excess – to hypermagnesemia (magnesium excess) occurs predominantly in.
- Reduced renal excretion, for example, as a result of oliguria, anuria in acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, diuretics (spironolactone, triamterene), lithium therapy.
- Endocrine disorders, for example, hypoaldosteronism (in adrenal insufficiency).
- Increased magnesium intake (excessive intravenous magnesium therapy, magnesium-containing drugs, such as antacids, laxatives).
- Endogenous magnesium release, for example, as a result of rhabdomyolysis.
Overdose of magnesium (in the form of salts) may cause osmotic diarrhea.
Attention. Note on the supply status (National Consumption Study II 2008) In the age group of 19-80 LJ. reach only 62-78% of women and only 59-82% men the intake recommendation. The worst supplied men and women >25th year lack about 100 mg magnesium. The poorest supplied men and women (DGE recommendations: m. 19th-24th LJ 400 mg/day, m. 25th-80th LJ. 350 mg/day, w. 19th-24th LY 310 mg/day, w. >25th LY. 300 mg/day)
