Blood, hematopoietic organs – immune system (D50-D90).
- Aplastic anemia – form of anemia (anemia) characterized by pancytopenia (reduction of all cell series in the blood; stem cell disease) and concomitant hypoplasia (functional impairment) of the bone marrow.
- Bleeding anemia, acute (source of bleeding: mainly genital or gastrointestinal/gastrointestinal tract).
- Iron deficiency anemia (anemia due to iron deficiency).
- Inflammatory anemia
- Elliptocytosis – group of rare defects of the membrane skeleton of erythrocytes (red blood cells) with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance; blood smear shows numerous elliptical erythrocytes (elliptocytes).
- G6PD deficiency (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency) – genetic disease with X-linked recessive inheritance; deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase leads to recurrent hemolysis and chronic anemia; about 13% of all male individuals from Central Africa: mild, clinically irrelevant form; people from Mediterranean countries and China: severe form.
- Hemoglobinopathies (disorders of hemoglobin synthesis) of the β-globin chains (usually manifests in the 2nd year of life).
- Hemolytic anemia – anemia (anemia) characterized by increased degradation or decay (hemolysis) of erythrocytes (red blood cells), which can no longer be compensated by increased production in the red bone marrow.
- Myelofibrosis (bone marrow fibrosis).
- Renal anemia (anemia caused by the kidneys).
- Runners anemia – anemia (anemia caused by an increase in blood plasma volume and by increased hemolysis (dissolution of red blood cells) in runners.
- Sickle cell anemia (med.: drepanocytosis; also sickle cell anemia, sickle cell anemia) – genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance, affecting erythrocytes (red blood cells); it belongs to the group of hemoglobinopathies (disorders of hemoglobin; formation of an irregular hemoglobin called sickle cell hemoglobin, HbS).
- Spherocytosis (spherocytic anemia).
- Thalassemia – autosomal recessive hereditary synthesis disorder of the alpha or beta chains of the protein portion (globin) in hemoglobin (hemoglobinopathy/diseases resulting from impaired formation of hemoglobin).
- Α-Thalassemia (HbH disease, hydrops fetalis/generalized fluid accumulation); incidence: mostly in Southeast Asians.
- Β-Thalassemia: most common monogenetic disorder worldwide; incidence: People from Mediterranean countries, Middle East, Afghanistan, India and Southeast Asia.
- Tumor anemia
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Iron utilization disorders
- Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
- Hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism)
- Addison’s disease – primary adrenocortical insufficiency (adrenal cortical hypofunction), which mainly causes a failure of cortisol production, but also leads to a deficiency of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone).
- Panhypopituitarism – disease that leads to a restriction or complete failure of all pituitary hormones (hormones of the pituitary gland).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Chronic inflammation, unspecified
- Chronic infections, unspecified
- Helminthiasis (worm diseases)
- Malaria
- Parvovirus B19-induced aplastic crisis in hemolytic anemias.
- Viral infection-associated hemolytic crises in hemolytic anemias.
Liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Liver diseases such as hepatitis (inflammation of the liver; e.g., hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia).
- Portal hypertension (portal hypertension).
- Zieve syndrome – triad of: Hyperlipoproteinemia (synonym: hyperlipidemia/fatty metabolism disorder), hemolytic anemia and alcohol toxic liver damage with icterus (jaundice.
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease (enteritis regionalis)).
- Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa).
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease – disease associated with frequent reflux (backflow) of acidic gastric juices and other gastric contents into the esophagus (esophagus)
- Hiatal hernia (hiatal hernia)
- Celiac disease (gluten-induced enteropathy) – disease of the mucosa of the small intestine (small intestinal mucosa) due to hypersensitivity to the cereal protein gluten.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Chronic inflammatory diseases (eg, rheumatoid arthritis).
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Colon carcinoma (cancer of the large intestine)
- Leukemia (blood cancer)
- Gastric carcinoma (stomach cancer)
- Hodgkin’s disease – malignant neoplasm (malignant neoplasm) of the lymphatic system with possible involvement of other organs. It is counted among the malignant lymphomas
- Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – acquired clonal disease of the bone marrow associated with a disorder of hematopoiesis (blood formation); defined by:
- Dysplastic cells in the bone marrow or ring sideroblasts or an increase of myeloblasts up to 19%.
- Cytopenias (decrease in the number of cells in the blood) in the peripheral blood count.
- Exclusion of reactive causes of these cytopenias.
One quarter of MDS patients develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
- Plasmocytoma (multiple myeloma) – malignant (malignant) systemic disease, which is one of the non-Hodgkin lymphomas of B lymphocytes.
- Leiomyomas (uterus myomatosus) – most common benign neoplasm of women, originating from the muscles (myoma) of the uterus (womb). The myomas are histologically (fine tissue) mostly leiomyomas.
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – sex organs) (N00-N99).
- Hypermenorrhea – increased menstruation (bleeding is too heavy (> 80 ml); usually the affected person consumes more than five pads/tampons per day).
- Renal insufficiency – process leading to a slowly progressive reduction in kidney function.
Injury, poisoning, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Lead intoxication (lead poisoning).
Other differential diagnoses
- Hemolytic crises in G6PD deficiency.
- Gestational hydremia – dilutional anemia due to water retention in pregnancy.
Medication
Anemia
- Antiprotozoal drugs
- Analogue of the azo dye trypan blue (suramin).
- Pentamidine
- Alpha-methyldopa (antihypertensive).
- Antimalarials, such as primaquine or dapsone.
- Chelating agents (D-penicillamine, trieethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (Trien), tetrathiomolybdenum).
- Quinidine
- Direct Factor Xa inhibitor (rivaroxaban).
- Immunosuppressants (thalidomide).
- Janus kinase inhibitors (ruxolitinib).
- Monoclonal antibodies – pertuzumab
- MTOR inhibitors (everolimus, temsirolimus).
- Neomycin
- P-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine)
- Phenytoin [megaoblastic anemia]
- Thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran)
- Tuberculostatics (isoniazid, INH; rifampicin, RMF).
- Antivirals
- Nucleoside analogues (ribavirin) [hemolytic anemia.]
- NS5A inhibitors (daclatasvir).
- Protease inhibitors (boceprevir, telaprevir).
Aplastic anemia
- Allopurinol*
- Alpha-methyldopa*
- Antibiotics – drugs such as streptomycin* , tetracycline* or methicillin* .
- Antidiabetic drugs – tolbutamide and chlorpropamide.
- Antihistamines – cimetidine
- Anticonvulsants – carbomazepine
- Carboanhydrase inhibitors (CAH, CAI) – acetazolamide, dichlorophenamide, methazolamide.
- Quinidine*
- Chloramphenicol
- Colchicine
- D-penicillamine – drug used in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
- Lithium*
- Medicines for protozoan infections such as chloroquine or mepacrine.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).
- Estrogens
- Sedatives – such as chlorpromazine* or meprobamate* .
- Sulfonamides
- Tuberculostatics (isoniazid, INH)
- Thyrostatic drugs – such as methylthiouracil or carbimazole.
- Cytostatics
- Alkylants such as chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide.
- Antimetabolites such as mercaptopurine, fluorouracil or methotrexate.
- Mitosis inhibitors such as vincristine or paclitaxel.
Note: For drugs marked with an asterisk (* ), the association with aplastic anemia is poorly documented. Environmental exposures – intoxications (poisonings).
- Arsenic
- Benzene
- Bismuth
- Lead
- Gold
- Mercury