Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Starvation state
- Hyperkalemia (excess potassium) due to generalized dysfunction of distal nephrons.
- Lactic acidosis – acidosis due to excessive blood lactate levels (plasma lactate level ≥ 2.0 mmol/l and a pH of < 7.35)
- Hypokalemia (potassium deficiency) due to renal (kidney-related) acidosis.
- Ketoacidosis – caused by diabetes mellitus (diabetes) or alcohol.
- Overeating
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Diarrhea (diarrhea)
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Diarrhea (diarrhea), unspecified.
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99).
- Renal insufficiency (kidney weakness).
Further
- Ureterosigmoidostomy – transplantation of the ureter into the sigmoid colon, primarily to form a replacement bladder for bladder cancer.
- Condition after surgery in which an external pancreas (pancreas) or small intestine drainage was created.
Medication
- ACE inhibitors – group of drugs used for hypertension (high blood pressure); this group includes mainly ramipril and captopril.
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (synonyms: AT-II-RB; ARB; angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 antagonists; AT1 receptor antagonists, AT1 antagonists; angiotensin receptor blockers, “sartans“) – group of drugs used in hypertension (high blood pressure); this includes, among others, valsartan.
- Ciclosporin (cyclosporin A) (immunosuppressant).
- Colestyramine – drug used as a fat-lowering agent.
- Hippurate – drug which is used for urinary tract infections.
- Potassium chloride – drug which is administered for potassium deficiency.
- Potassium-sparing diuretics – diuretic drugs such as amiloride or spironolactone.
- Cation exchange resins
- Magnesium sulfate – prescribed as therapy for magnesium deficiency or as an Epsom salt.
- Pentamidine (chemotherapeutic agent)
- Salicylates – group of active substances to which acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) belongs, which is used as an analgesic.
- Trimethoprim (antibiotic) – drug against bacterial infections.
Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisoning).
- Ethylene glucole – used as an antifreeze.
- Methanol
