Differential diagnoses for Cramps (Crampi/Krampi)
Respiratory System (J00-J99)
- Hyperventilation
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Carnitine Deficiency – Carnitine is a vitaminoid, 98% of which is stored in heart and skeletal muscle.
- Hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency).
- Hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficiency)
- Hyponatremia (sodium deficiency)
- Hypoparathyroidism (parathyroid insufficiency).
- Hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism)
- Hypovolemia, hypotonic dehydration (hyponatremia / sodium deficiency) – lack of water, dehydration of the body.
- Addison’s disease – primary adrenocortical insufficiency (adrenal insufficiency).
- Phosphofructokinase deficiency (glycogenosis type VII, Tarui disease) – deficiency of an enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism.
- Thyroid dysfunction, unspecified.
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99)
- Circulatory disorders affecting arteries or veins.
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Tetanus
Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Liver cirrhosis – irreversible damage to the liver leading to gradual connective tissue remodeling of the liver with impairment of liver function.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Contracture, unspecified – involuntary permanent muscle shortening leading to joint constraint.
- Metabolic myopathies – muscle changes caused by metabolic disorders.
- Muscle pain, ischemic related
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – progressive, irreversible degeneration of the motor nervous system; in this case, fasciculations as a symptom of the demise of α-motoneurons.
- Brody syndrome – pseudomyotonic dysfunction of skeletal muscles; muscles are stiff after marked activity and take several minutes to fully relax; creatine kinase (CK) normal or slightly elevated; autosomal recessive inheritance is present in most cases
- Dystonia – disorder of the state of tension of the muscles, unspecified.
- Neuromyotonia – disorder leading to sudden and episodic muscle activity with permanent tension of the muscles.
- Polyneuropathy, unspecified – generic term for diseases of the peripheral nervous system associated with chronic disorders of peripheral nerves or parts of nerves.
- Spastic tonus elevation
- Stiff-man syndrome (SMS; synonyms: Stiff-person syndrome, SPS; Moersch-Woltman syndrome); neurological disorder characterized by generalized tone elevation of the muscles; in addition, spasms occur spontaneously or triggered in the affected muscles; usually the back and hip muscles are symmetrically affected; Gait becomes stiff-legged and bizarre; many have insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus (30%), autoimmune thyroiditis (autoimmune disease leading to chronic thyroiditis; 10%), atrophic gastritis (gastritis) with pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (anemia of the blood); 5%)
Pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium (O00-O99).
- Pregnancy
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
- Edema (water retention), unspecified.
- Tetany – neuromuscular hyperexcitability with painful muscle spasms.
- Uremia (occurrence of urinary substances in the blood above normal levels).
Medication
- Α4β7-integrin antagonist (vedolizumab).
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (donezepil, galantamine, rivastigmine).
- Beta blockers
- Beta-sympathomimetics
- Calcimimetic (etelcalcetide)
- Calcium antagonists
- Quinidine (antiarrhythmic drug)
- Cholinergics (parasympathomimetics) – such as carbachol, neostigmine, pyridostigmine.
- Clofibric acid derivatives (lipid-lowering agents).
- Diuretics
- Parathyroid hormone analogue (teriparatide)
- Statins (lipid-lowering agents)
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) – imatinab, neratinib.
Environmental exposures – intoxications (poisonings).
- Strychnine poisoning
Further
- Behavioral causes
- Alcohol consumption (possible trigger) – People (aged 60 to 86 years) with nocturnal calf cramps consumed a median of 94 g of alcohol weekly, controls without such complaints 66 g; patients who consumed at least one alcoholic beverage per week were 6.5 times more likely to have nocturnal calf cramps than those who consumed less.
- Caffeine consumption
- Physical work or sports stress, especially heat stress (heavy sweating, salt loss).
- Pregnancy
- Hemodialysis
Differential diagnoses for spasticity
Cardiovascular (I00-I99).
- Apoplexy (stroke)
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)
- Hereditary spastic spinal paralysis (HSP; paraplegia) – genetic disease with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, as well as X-linked recessive inheritance, leading to increasing spasticity and paralysis of the legs; disease can start in early childhood, but even 70-year-olds can still suffer from it. Men suffer from it twice as often as women.
- Hypoxic brain injury – brain damage that is due to a lack of oxygen to the brain.
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Spinal cord lesion, unspecified
Injuries, poisoning, and other sequelae of external causes (S00-T98).
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI).