Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification.
- X-ray abdominal voiding – especially if stenosis (narrowing) in the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract), ileus (intestinal obstruction) is suspected.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle) – to exclude cardiac arrhythmias or myocardial infarction (heart attack).
- Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – for suspected cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation), cholelithiasis (gallstone disease), pancreatitis (pancreatitis) or appendicitis (appendicitis).
- Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD; endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) with biopsies (sampling) from any suspicious lesions; in the case of Barrett’s esophagus, additional 4-quadrant biopsies – if reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease; heartburn), duodenal ulcer (duodenal ulcer), ventricular ulcer (gastric ulcer) or gastric carcinoma (stomach cancer) is suspected.
- Colonoscopy (colonoscopy) – if intestinal diseases such as tumors or stenosis are suspected.
- Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen (abdominal CT) – if pancreatitis (pancreatitis), tumors are suspected.
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen (abdominal MRI) – on suspicion of pancreatitis, tumors.
- Computed tomography of the skull (cranial CT, cranial CT or cCT) – for suspected cerebrospinal fluid circulation disorders, brain tumor/hemorrhage.
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the skull (cranial MRI, cranial MRI or cMRI) – for suspected CSF circulation disorders, brain tumor/bleeding.
- Angiography (imaging of blood vessels by contrast medium in an X-ray examination) of the abdominal vessels – to exclude an arteria mesenterica superior syndrome/angina abdominalis (pain in circulatory disorders of the intestine)
- I.v. pyelogram (synonyms: IVP; i.v. urogram; urogram; i.v. urography; excretory urography; excretory pyelogram; intravenous excretory urogram; radiographic representation of the urinary organs or the urinary tract system) – in suspected urolithiasis (urinary stone disease) or stone-related diseases of the urinary organs, inflammatory diseases of the urinary organs.
- Gastrointestinal function diagnostics – such as a gastric scintigraphy to exclude gastric paresis (gastric paralysis).
