Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification.
- Renal sonography (ultrasound examination of the kidneys; including the urinary tract) [bladder wall thickness (mechanical cause in BPH, also thickened in certain neurogenic causes), residual urine].
- Cystoscopy (urinary bladder endoscopy).
- Urodynamic diagnostics (including measurement of bladder function during filling via a catheter and subsequent emptying (pressure-flow analysis) to differentiate the various forms of urinary incontinence (stress incontinence, urge incontinence also mixed forms, neurogenic bladder) – in case of bladder instability.
Uroflowmetry (urine flow measurement):- Urine flow measurement and duration (normal: < 60 sec).
- Maximum urine flow (Qmax)
- Micturition volume, curve progression
- I.v. pyelogram (synonyms: IVP; i.v. urogram; urogram; i.v. urography; excretory urography; excretory pyelogram; intravenous excretory urogram; radiographic imaging of the urinary organs or system) – radiographic imaging of the kidneys.
- Transrectal prostate sonography (TPS) – for suspected benign prostatic hypertrophy (benign prostatic enlargement), prostate carcinoma [determination of prostate volume].
- Echocardiography (echo; cardiac ultrasound) – when structural heart disease is suspected.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle).
- X-ray of the thorax (X-ray thorax/chest), in two planes.
- Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen (abdominal CT) – for further diagnosis.
