Blood, blood-forming organs-immune system (D50-D90).
- Anemia (anemia)
- Sickle cell anemia (med.: drepanocytosis; also sickle cell anemia, sickle cell anemia) – genetic disease of erythrocytes (red blood cells); it belongs to the group of hemoglobinopathies (disorders of hemoglobin; formation of an irregular hemoglobin called sickle cell hemoglobin, HbS).
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Obesity (obesity)
- Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
- Cushing’s disease
- Diabetes insipidus – hormone deficiency-related disorder in hydrogen metabolism, which leads to extremely high urine excretion (polyuria; 5-25 l/day) due to a limited ability of the kidneys to concentrate; associated with this is an increased feeling of thirst (polydipsia; drinking 3.5 l/24 hours).
- Diabetes mellitus (diabetes) – clinical symptoms: glucosuria (excretion of glucose in the urine), polydipsia (> 4 l/day; increased thirst).
- DIDMOAD syndrome (synonym: Wolfram syndrome) – genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance; symptom complex with diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus (hormone deficiency-related disorder in hydrogen metabolism, which leads to extremely high urine excretion (polyuria; 5-25 l/day) due to impaired concentration capacity of the kidneys), optic atrophy (tissue atrophy (atrophy) of the optic nerve / optic nerve), sensorineural hearing loss.
- Fanconi syndrome (synonyms: Gluco-amino-phosphate diabetes, De-Toni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome, Reno-tubular syndrome (Fanconi).
- Genetic (hereditary De-Toni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome; autosomal recessive inheritance) – renal dysfunction (proximal tubule) with urinary excretion of glucose, amino acids, potassium, phosphate, and protein; hypercalcemia with risk of nephrocalcinosis and metabolic acidosis (metabolic acidosis)
- Acquired as a result of secondary genesis (e.g. metabolic diseases; nephrotoxic substances).
- Hypercalcemia (calcium excess).
- Hyperglycemia (hyperglycemia)
- Hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism)
- Hypokalemia (potassium deficiency)
- Malnutrition (malnutrition)
- Graves’ disease – form of hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism) caused by an autoimmune disease. It is a hyperthyroidism induced by stimulating autoantibodies against the TSH receptor (TRAK).
- Cushing’s disease – group of diseases leading to hypercortisolism (hypercortisolism).
Skin and subcutaneous (L00-L99).
- Congestive heart failure (right heart failure).
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99)
- Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency) – clinical symptoms: peripheral edema (water retention) in dependent parts of the body (ankles, lower legs, sacral in bedridden patients), nocturia, dyspnea (shortness of breath or shortness of breath; at rest or on exertion).
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Mitral stenosis (mitral valve stenosis)
- Supraventricular tachycardia – tachycardia in which there are up to heart rates of 150-220 beats/minute; the origin of the excitation in the area of the atrium (atrium cordis) at the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, or His bundle.
- Thrombosis (vascular disease in which a blood clot (thrombus) forms in a vessel) of the inferior vena cava (inferior vena cava)
- Venous congestion
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Filariasis – infestation by threadworms.
- Hookworm infestation
- Renal tuberculosis
Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Liver cirrhosis – irreversible damage to the liver and marked remodeling of liver tissue.
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Appendicitis (“appendicitis”).
- Diverticulitis – inflammation of intestinal diverticula (wall protrusions).
- Inflammatory bowel disease, unspecified.
- Celiac disease (gluten-induced enteropathy) – chronic disease of the mucosa of the small intestine (small intestinal mucosa) due to hypersensitivity to the cereal protein gluten.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Urinary bladder tumor, unspecified.
- Neoplasm in the pelvis, unspecified
- Prostate carcinoma (prostate cancer)
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Psychogenic polydipsia – compulsive water drinking.
- Somatoform disorders (mental illness leading to physical symptoms without physical findings), unspecified
Pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium (O00-O99).
- Pregnancy
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
- Dysuria – difficult (painful) urination or a weak urinary stream in bladder emptying disorders (all their causes).
- Edema (water retention) (all their causes).
- Pollakisuria (urge to urinate frequently without increased urination) (all their causes).
- Polyuria (> 1.5-3 l/day); increased urination) (all their causes).
- Cardiomegaly – enlargement of the heart beyond normal.
- Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99).
- Adnexitis – inflammation of the fallopian tube and ovary.
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH; benign enlargement of the prostate gland) – clinical symptoms: weakened urinary stream, incomplete bladder emptying.
- Chronic urinary tract infection – clinical symptomatology: pollakiuria (urge to urinate frequently without increased urination), burning during urination.
- Chronic renal insufficiency (kidney weakness).
- Urinary bladder neck hypertrophy
- Urinary bladder instability
- Urinary bladder stone
- Interstitial cystitis (interstitial cystitis, IC; synonym: Hunner’s cystitis) – bladder inflammation of unclear etiology occurring predominantly in women with fibrosis of the bladder muscles, urge incontinence (irritable bladder or overactive (hyperactive) bladder) and development of a shrinking bladder; confirm diagnosis by: Urethrocystoscopy and biopsy for histology and molecular diagnostics of specific cell proteins.
- Nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), acute or chronic.
- Nephrotic syndrome – collective term for symptoms that occur in various diseases of the glomerulus (renal corpuscles); symptoms include: Proteinuria (increased excretion of protein in urine) with protein loss of more than 1 g/m²/body surface area per day; Hypoproteinemia, peripheral edema (water retention) due to hypalbuminemia of < 2.5 g/dl in serum, hyperlipoproteinemia (lipid metabolism disorder).
- Obstruction (obstruction) of the lower urinary tract.
- Estrogen deficiency colpitis (colpitis senilis, atrophic colpitis) – clinical symptoms: increased susceptibility to urinary tract infections, pollakiuria (urge to urinate frequently without increased urination).
- Premenstrual syndrome PMS)
- Prostatitis (prostatitis)
- Pyelonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis)
- Overactive bladder (OAB) – clinical symptoms: pollakiuria (urge to urinate frequently without increased urination), imperative urination (urge to urinate that can not be suppressed or controlled), possibly incontinence (inability to hold urine.
- Ureteral stone (ureteral stone).
- Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
- Cystic kidney disease
- Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder)
Medication
- Antibiotics
- Gentamycin
- Tetracycline
- Amphotericin B (antifungal agent)
- Anticholinergics (polydipsia!/due toincreased drinking) – group of drugs that inhibits the action of the transmitter acetylcholine.
- Antidepressants (MAO inhibitors; SSRI = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) – nocturia due to central nervous effects.
- Antiepileptic drugs – nocturia due to central nervous effects.
- Antihypertensives
- Bronchodilators
- Calcium antagonists (calcium channel blockers; group of drugs used for hypertension) – leads to polyuria.
- Chlorpromazine (polydipsia!) – active substance from the group of antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Diuretics (drugs to flush out water) – especially when taken in the evening.
- Dopamine antagonists – nocturia due to central nervous effects.
- Drugs: cannabis (hashish and marijuana), ecstasy, heroin, cocaine or speed (amphetamines).
- Glibenclamide (oral antidiabetic).
- Hormones
- Glucocorticoids (polyuria)
- Thyroid hormones (thyroxine)
- Theophylline – active ingredient belonging to the xanthine derivatives and used mainly in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
- Thioridazine (polydipsia!) – Active substance from the group of antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Lithium carbonate
- Stimulants – e.g. alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, ephedrine, cocaine, speed (amphetamines).
- Sympathomimetics (drugs that enhance the action of the sympathetic nervous system).
Further
- Age (main risk factor!)
- Reduced bladder capacity
- Disruption of circadian ADH release/antidiuretic hormone (male + female);
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); increased residual urine volumes.
- Alcohol
- Excessive fluid intake in the evening!
- Habit to go to the toilet at night
- In winter more often than in summer due totoo low living room temperature (cold-induced detrusor overactivity); Recommendation: bedroom temperature 17 °C.
- Space requirement in the pelvis, unspecified
- Radiation fibrosis
- Renal allograft (donor kidney) recipients.
Important notice.
- Awakening does not have to occur because of nocturia, but toileting occurs because of awakening: for example, insomnia (sleep disorders), anxiety disorders, depression, chronic pain, pruritus (itching), restless legs syndrome (restless legs syndrome).