Products
Omega-3 fatty acids are usually administered in the form of softgels. Oils for oral use are also available. Some foods are rich in omega-3 fatty acids (see below).
Structure and properties
The most important omega-3 fatty acids include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). They are polyunsaturated and long-chain fatty acids (PUFA: PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids) found in fish oil (e.g., sardines, anchovies, mackerel, herring, salmon) and algae oil (microalgae such as , ), among others. It is from the algae oil that the vegan omega-3 preparations are made. Another omega-3 fatty acid is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is found in a relevant concentration in walnut oil, linseed oil and rapeseed oil, for example. It can be converted to EPA and DHA in the body, but very inefficiently. Omega-3 means that a double bond is located between the 3rd and 4th carbon at the end of the fatty acid. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential because the human body cannot produce them itself (production from ALA is hardly relevant). Incidentally, fish do not synthesize the fatty acids themselves either – they absorb them with food from microalgae and with phytoplankton.
Effects
Omega-3 fatty acids have lipid-lowering, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, mildly antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. They lower blood triglyceride and VLDL levels, increase HDL, and protect against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. LDL-C, on the other hand, can increase. Omega-3 fatty acids are important for normal growth and development, cell membranes, vision and the central nervous system. Regular intake is therefore recommended by professional societies such as the American Heart Association.
Indications for use
Possible indications for use include (selection):
- As a dietary supplement for the adequate supply of essential omega-3 fatty acids. Also during pregnancy and lactation.
- For the prevention and treatment of disorders of blood lipid levels (hypertriglyceridemia) and cardiovascular diseases.
- For the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Dosage
According to the package leaflet. It is recommended to take immediately before or with food.
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity
- Severe disease of the liver, pancreas, or gallbladder.
- Disorders of fat digestion
- Blood clotting disorders
Full precautions can be found in the drug label.
Interactions
Drug-drug interactions have been described with anticoagulants and with digoxin.
Adverse effects
Possible adverse effects include digestive disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and belching; an odor and taste of fish (with fish oil); inhibition of platelet aggregation; prolongation of bleeding time; and mild transaminase elevation.
