Ovarian Cysts and Benign Overay Neoplasms: Complications

The following are the most important diseases or complications that can be caused by ovarian cysts and other benign neoplasms of the ovary:

Blood, blood-forming organs – Immune system (D50-D90).

  • Meigs syndrome (Demons-Meigs syndrome, Meigs-Cass syndrome): ovarian fibroma with ascites (abdominal fluid) and pleural effusion (chest effusion) usually on the right side

Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).

  • Cushing’s syndrome similar picture optional in:
    • Lipid cell tumor
    • Struma ovarii
  • Hyperandrogenemia (androgen excess) facultative in:
    • Androblastoma (arrhenoblastoma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) (predominantly androgenic).
    • Gonadoblastoma (androgen-forming, estrogen-forming, or hormone-inactive).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming).
    • Lipid cell tumor (androgen-forming in 10%, occasionally a Cushing’s syndrome-like picture or hormone-inactive).
    • Luteoma gravidarum (pregnancy luteoma) (progesterone and or androgen-forming).
    • Hilus cell tumor (mostly androgen-forming).
    • PCO syndrome (polycystic ovaries, polycystic ovary syndrome, Stein-Leventhal syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, sclerocystic ovary syndrome) – symptom complex characterized by hormonal dysfunction of the ovaries (ovaries).
  • Hyperestrogenemia (excess estrogen) facultative in:
    • Gonadoblastoma (androgen-forming, estrogen-forming, or hormone-inactive).
    • Granulosa cell tumor (estrogen-forming).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming).
    • Theca cell tumor (thecom) (estrogen-forming).
  • Hyperthyroidism/hyperthyroidism facultative with struma ovarii.
  • Carcinoid syndrome (flushing/seizure-like redness, flushing, dizziness, visual disturbances, gastrointestinal pain, asthma attacks) due to serotonin production in carcinoid (monodermal special form of teratoma adultum).
  • Pseudopubertas praecox/form of premature sexual maturity in the juvenile type of granulosa cell tumor (about 5% of granulosa cell tumors).

Skin and subcutaneous (L00-L99).

  • Hirsutism facultative in:
    • Androblastoma (arrhenoblastoma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) (predominantly androgenic).
    • Gonadoblastoma (androgen-forming, estrogen-forming, or hormone-inactive).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming).
    • Lipid cell tumor (androgen-forming in 10%, occasionally a Cushing’s syndrome-like picture or hormone-inactive ).
    • Luteoma gravidarum (pregnancy luteoma) (progesterone and or androgen-forming).
    • Hilus cell tumor (mostly androgen-forming).
    • PCO syndrome (polycystic ovaries, polycystic ovary syndrome, Stein-Leventhal syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, sclerocystic ovary syndrome).

Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).

  • Complications of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) resulting from human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration in childbearing:
    • Cerebral infarction
    • Pulmonary embolism
    • Thromboembolism
    • Thrombosis

Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).

  • Adhesive abdomen (adhesions of the abdominal cavity) after rupture of cystic ovarian tumors.

Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).

  • Biliary abdomen (pseudomyxoma peritonei): complications after rupture of a mucinous kystadenoma.
  • Ovarian carcinoma (ovarian cancer), secondary.
    • Epithelial tumors
      • Brenner tumor (extremely rare)
      • Endometrioid tumors (20%).
      • Kystadenoma*
        • Kystadenofibroma (very rare).
        • Mucinous kystadenoma (10-15%).
        • Surface papilloma (50%)
        • Serous kystadenoma (30-50%)
  • Germ cell tumors
    • Gonadoblastoma (germinoma) (estrogen- or androgen-forming or silent).
  • Lipid cell tumor (adrenal remnant tumor, hypernephroid tumor) (scattered adrenocortical tissue).
  • Stromal tumors of the germinal cord (germinal cord stromal tumors,tumors of endocrine differentiated gonadal mesenchyme (sex cord))
    • Androblastoma (arrhenoblastoma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) (predominantly androgen-forming) ( 30%).
    • Granulosa cell tumor (estrogen-forming) (30%).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming) (20%).
    • Hilar cell tumor (usually androgen-forming).
    • Theca cell tumor (estrogen-forming) (4-5%).

Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99).

  • Ascites (abdominal fluid) in the setting of a
    • Ovarian fibroma
    • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)

Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99).

  • Endometriosis e.g.
    • Of the pelvic peritoneum
    • Of the bladder
    • Of the intestine
    • Of the fallopian tube (uterine tube)
    • Of the ureter
    • In skin scars
    • Of the septum rectovaginale
    • Of the uterus/uterine (adenomyosis uteri)
    • Of the vagina (vagina)
  • Glandular-cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium (endometrial hyperplasia, glandular endometrial hyperplasia) in diseases associated with hyperestrogenemia (excessive formation of estrogen) or facultative estrogen-forming:
    • Gonadoblastoma (androgen-forming, estrogen-forming, or hormone-inactive).
    • Granulosa cell tumor (estrogen-forming).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming).
    • Theca cell tumor (thecom) (estrogen-forming).
  • Clitoral hypertrophy (abnormally large clitoris) facultative in:
    • Androblastoma (arrhenoblastoma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) (predominantly androgenic).
    • Gonadoblastoma (androgen-forming, estrogen-forming, or hormone-inactive).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming).
    • Lipid cell tumor (androgen-forming in 10%, occasionally a Cushing’s syndrome-like picture or hormone-inactive ).
    • Luteoma gravidarum (pregnancy luteoma) (progesterone and or androgen-forming).
    • Hilus cell tumor (usually androgen-forming).
    • PCO syndrome (polycystic ovaries, polycystic ovary syndrome, Stein-Leventhal syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, sclerocystic ovary syndrome).
  • Cycle abnormalities or bleeding disorders (menometrorrhagia, menorrhagia/bleeding is prolonged (> 6 days) and increased, metrorrhagia/bleeding outside the actual menstruation; it is usually prolonged and increased, a regular cycle is not apparent) in diseases associated with hyperestrogenemia or facultative estrogen-forming:
    • Gonadoblastoma (androgen-forming, estrogen-forming, or hormone-inactive).
    • Granulosa cell tumor (estrogen-forming).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming).
    • Theca cell tumor (thecom) (estrogen-forming).
  • Ovarian torsion (ovarian stem rotation ; major risk factors: presence of an ovarian cyst or a space-occupying lesion).
  • Ovarian cyst rupture (“rupture of an ovarian cyst”; typically associated with unilateral lower abdominal pain)
  • Postmenopausal bleeding (bleeding after which the last bleeding has failed for at least one year) in diseases associated with hyperestrogenemia or facultative estrogen-forming:
    • Gonadoblastoma (androgen-forming, estrogen-forming, or hormone-inactive).
    • Granulosa cell tumor (estrogen-forming).
    • Gynandroblastoma (estrogen- or androgen-forming).
    • Theca cell tumor (thecom) (estrogen-forming).
  • Hyperstimulation syndrome (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, OHSS) in the context of HCG administration (human chorionic gonadotropin) in childbearing.