Papilloedema
Papilledema, also called congestion pupil, is a pathological bulge of the optic nerve head, which is normally slightly convex. Unlike optic disc excavation, pressure from behind on the optic nerve is increased, causing it to bulge forward. The causes of papilledema can be very diverse.
In addition to the optic nerve, numerous arteries and veins run through the papilla, ensuring the inflow and outflow of blood for the eye. Therefore, a venous outflow disorder (e.g. central venous thrombosis or sinus thrombosis) can lead to swelling of the optic nerve head. Another reason may be an increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure), which can be triggered by spatial demands such as brain tumors, brain hemorrhages, infections or inflammations.
Symptomatically, a congested pupil manifests itself through headaches and loss of visual field. To diagnose papilloedema, a funduscopy of the fundus of the eye should be performed first.If there is a suspicion or finding characterized by unclear, blurred borders of the papilla as well as a bulge, a comprehensive neurological examination including imaging procedures such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should then be performed to find the cause of the increased pressure. This may be of further interest to you: Papilledema
Papillary sclerosis
Papillary sclerosis is a hardening of the papillary tissue. In the process, connective tissue in the form of collagen is produced in an increased and mostly uncontrolled manner. The original tissue hardens and loses its elasticity and function.
Papillary sclerosis is not an independent disease, but results from another underlying disease. This can be, for example, an inflammation, a circulatory disorder or a degenerative change in the basic tissue.
