Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Acromegaly – endocrinologic disorder caused by overproduction of the growth hormone somatotropin (STH), with marked enlargement of the phalanges or acra, such as the hands, feet, mandible, chin, nose, and eyebrow ridges.
- Hyperprolactinemia – too high levels of prolactin at the blood.
- Primary hypothyroidism (primary hypothyroidism) – primary hypothyroidism is generally referred to when the thyroid gland itself is causative.
- Subclinical (latent) hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Tuberculosis with chest abscess
Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Liver cirrhosis – connective tissue remodeling of the liver with resulting functional impairment.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Intraductal carcinoma – form of breast cancer that grows within the milk ducts.
- Invasive breast carcinoma (breast cancer).
- Paget carcinoma – form of malignant neoplasia (malignant neoplasm) of the breast (breast carcinoma/breast cancer).
- Papilloma, ductal – This benign process occurs primarily within the milk ducts (intraductal) of the mammary gland. Papilloma is usually accompanied by a watery, yellow or often hemorrhagic (bloody), or with milky secretion; most common cause of bleeding from the nipple.
- Prolactinoma – benign neoplasm of the anterior pituitary gland (pituitary gland).
- Tumors of the parasellar/suprasellar region – area of the base of the skull called the “Turk’s saddle”.
Pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium (O00-O99).
- Galactocele (mammary cyst).
- Pregnancy
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99)
- Acute mastitis (inflammation of the mammary glands).
- Breast abscess (encapsulated collection of pus in the breast) – e.g. in tuberculosis.
- Chronic renal insufficiency (kidney weakness).
- Ductasia – dilatation of the milk ducts
- Comedomastitis – form of mastopathy (benign mammary gland disease caused by changes in breast tissue) associated with cheese cysts.
- Nipple abscess – encapsulated collection of pus in the area of the nipple; eg after nipple piercing.
- Milk duct fistula
- Periductal mastitis (inflammation of the mammary glands)
Injuries, poisonings, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Injuries to the brain, unspecified
Other causes
- Mechanical stimulation, unspecified
- Neonatal/peripubertal galactorrhea.
- Pregnancy or lactation phase (breastfeeding phase).
Medications that can lead to hyperprolactinemia (A claim to completeness does not exist! ):
- Antiarrhythmics (verapamil).
- Antidepressants
- MAO inhibitors (moclobemide, rasagiline, selegiline, tranylcypromine).
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline.
- Tricyclic antidepressants (amitryptiline, amitriptyline oxide, clomipramine, desipramine, dopexin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, opipramol, tranylcypromine, trimipramine).
- Antiemetics (domperidone, metoclopramide).
- Antihistamines (synonyms: histamine receptor blockers or histamine receptor antagonists).
- Antihypertensives (clonidine, methyldopa).
- Calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, dilitiazem, nifedipine).
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride, ziprasidone).
- Benzamides
- Benzisoxazolepiperidine (risperidone)
- Butyrophenones (benperidone, fluspirilene, haloperidol, melperone, pipamperone).
- Dibenzodiazepines (olanzapine, quetiapine).
- Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, levomepromazine, perazine, perphenazine, promethazine, thioridazine).
- Thioxanthenes (chlorprothixene, flupentixol, zuclopenthixol).
- Antisympathotonics (reserpine).
- Endogenous opiates (endorphins)
- Endorphin
- Hormones
- Adrenaline (epinephrine)
- Angiotensin II
- Antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate)
- GnRH
- Melatonin
- Oxytocin
- Estrogens (ethinyl estradiol or estradiol, e.g., contained in oral contraceptives/antibaby pill).
- TRH
- TSH-releasing hormone (synonyms: thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin).
- Vasopressin
- H2 receptor blockers (cimetidine, ranitidine).
- Indirect dopamine antagonists
- Naltrexone
- Tetrabenzene
- MAO inhibitors (monoamine oxidase inhibitors).
- Moclobemide
- Rasagiline
- Selegiline
- Tranylcypromine
- Opioids (hydromorphone, morphine)
- Prokinetics
- Domperidone
- Metoclopramide
- Alizapride
- Psychotropic drugs (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes).
- Serotonin
Notice. Women with hyperprolactinemia may have menstrual cycle abnormalities (menstrual tempo abnormalities: Oligomenorrhea/the interval between bleeding is > 35 days and ≤ 90 days or secondary amenorrhea/> 90 days) with corpus luteum insufficiency (luteal weakness) or anovulation (failure to ovulate) and thus infertility. Furthermore, hyperprolactinemia is usually accompanied by galactorrhea (milk flow from the mammary gland). In men, hyperprolactinemia is associated with loss of libido, and possibly impotence, sterility, gynecomastia (enlargement of the mammary gland in men) with or without galactorrhea.
