The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by portal hypertension (portal hypertension; portal hypertension):
Blood, hematopoietic organs – Immune system (D50-D90).
- Anemia (anemia)
- Leukopenia (reduction of white blood cells).
- Splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen), unspecified.
- Thrombocytopenia (decrease in blood platelets).
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99)
- Esophageal varices (varicose veins of the esophagus) – At portal pressure > 10 mmHg, esophageal variceal formation is likely. From a value of > 12 mmHg, the risk of esophageal variceal rupture (tear the esophageal varices) is increased → esophageal variceal bleeding.
Liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts-pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) – functional, in principle fully reversible, decrease in glomerular filtration rate resulting in oliguric renal failure in patients with liver cirrhosis or fulminant hepatitis in the absence of evidence of other causes of renal insufficiency (diagnosis of exclusion)
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) – bleeding from the upper digestive tract.
- Anorectal varices (varicose veins of the anus and rectum).
- Caput medusae (varices of the cutaneous veins of the umbilical region).
- Fundus varices (varicose veins in the upper part of the stomach).
- Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis).
- Stasis gastritis (inflammation of the stomach due to blood backing up into the stomach) – Symptoms: Anorexia (loss of appetite), distended abdomen, possibly weight loss.
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) – pathological, noninflammatory change in the brain due to severe liver dysfunction; most common complication of liver cirrhosis, with broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders (impairment of: Consciousness; memory and cognition; motor ability; personality).
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
- Ascites (abdominal dropsy)
- Very common in posthepatic (“located behind the liver”) portal hypertension in the early stages
- Common in intrahepatic (“located inside the liver”) conditioned portal hypertension in the advanced stage
- Rarely in prehepatic (“located before the liver“) portal hypertension.
- Splenomegaly (splenomegaly), possibly. with hypersplenism – complication of splenomegaly; leads to an increase in functional capacity beyond what is necessary; as a result, there is excessive elimination of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (platelets) from the peripheral blood, resulting in pancytopenia (synonym: tricytopenia; reduction of all three series of cells in the blood).
