Obligatory medical device diagnostics.
- Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound of abdominal organs).
- Computed tomography of the abdomen (abdominal CT), thorax (chest CT), and pelvis (pelvic CT) – for advanced diagnosis [gold standard].
- Biopsy, usually CT-guided or percutaneous needle biopsy (tissue examination) under ultrasound guidance.
Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen (abdominal CT/abdominal MRI), thorax (thoracic MRI) and pelvis (pelvic MRI).
- I.v. pyelogram (synonyms: IVP; i.v. urogram; urogram; i.v. urography; excretory urography; excretory pyelogram; intravenous excretory urogram; radiographic imaging of the urinary organs or urinary tract system) – to exclude urinary outflow obstruction; retroperitoneal fibrosis.
- Angiography – for planning a surgical procedure.
