Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Obesity (overweight).
- Adrenopause – increasing decline in adrenal (originating from the adrenal cortex) DHEA(S) production in adults.
- Andropause (male menopause)
- Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 (also called “adult-onset diabetes”).
- Malnutrition
- Menopause (female menopause; climacteric)
- Somatopause – increasing decline in STH secretion (somatotropic hormone (STH); growth hormone) with immediate subsequent STH deficiency in middle-aged and advanced adults.
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).
- Apoplexy (stroke)
- Atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis; hardening of the arteries)
Liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts-pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Hepatic insufficiency – dysfunction of the liver with partial or complete failure of its metabolic functions.
- Liver cirrhosis – irreversible damage to the liver leading to gradual connective tissue remodeling of the liver with restriction of liver function.
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Chronic intestinal diseases with associated absorption disorders (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis).
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Sarcopenia (muscle weakness or muscle wasting).
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)
- Dementia
- Depression
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Parkinson’s disease
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory parameters not elsewhere classified (R00-R99).
- Fragility (frailty; geriatric syndrome); sequelae of sarcopenia and cachexia; affects physical performance, walking speed, mobility, mental health, and cognition; a balanced diet rich in protein and vitamin D, as well as strength and balance training, can counteract muscle loss and functional decline and help maintain mental health and cognition.
- Cachexia – emaciation of the organism (emaciation) due to profound disturbance of one or more organ functions.
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – sex organs) (N00-N99).
- Chronic renal failure – process leading to a slowly progressive reduction in renal function.
Medication
- Hematotoxic drugs (see under drug side effects).
- Hepatotoxic drugs (see under drug side effects).
- Nephrotoxic drugs (see under drug side effects).
Further
- Consumption of stimulants
- Alcohol (woman: > 20 g/day; man > 30 g/day).
- Tobacco (smoking)
- Physical activity
- Physical inactivity
- Psycho-social situation
- Stress
- Lack of social inclusion/contacts (social environment).
- Environmental influences – environmental pollution (pollutants) including traffic noise.
