Symptoms
The symptoms of hypernatremia are usually non-specific and manifest themselves as general weakness, fatigue, concentration problems or thirst. Due to the shifting of fluid at the cellular level, from the inside to the outside, the cell begins to shrink. This triggers above all malfunctions in the area of the nerve cells in the brain.
Those affected suffer from states of confusion, cramps and even coma. In the case of hypernatremia due to severe fluid loss, the risk of thrombosis also increases. This leads to the formation of a clot within the bloodstream, which is accompanied by a risk of blockage due to an increase in blood flow. The faster hypernatremia develops, the more severe the symptoms become.
Diagnosis
During the medical consultation, the above-mentioned causes of hypernatremia, such as vomiting or diarrhea, can be asked for. The doctor will then carry out a physical examination. This includes checking the tongue‘s moisture and the mucous membranes.
In addition, the so-called skin turgor is tested. Here, the stress state of the skin is checked by lifting a skin fold between thumb and index finger. If this skin fold remains due to a lack of fluid, the test is positive.
In addition, the so-called serum sodium of the blood is determined by taking a blood sample. In addition, the urine volume per time unit can be determined. In states of thirst the body retains more fluid and the amount of urine excreted decreases. If diabetes insipidus is suspected, the antidiuretic hormone, ADH for short, is determined in the blood.
Therapy
Depending on the underlying disease or trigger of hypernatremia, for example vomiting, diarrhea or sweating, the sodium balance is balanced by fluid intake. This is done either by drinking plenty of fluids or, in the case of complicated courses, by a doctor using an infusion solution. However, treatment of severe hypernatremia should only be carried out under medical supervision. This is because the slow equalization of the fluid deficit under regular electrolyte control must be observed. A rapid decrease in sodium levels can be accompanied by life-threatening complications.In hypervolaemic hypernatremia, caused by uncontrolled high sodium intake, a glucose solution, usually in combination with a dehydration tablet, is administered to the affected person to flush out the fluid.
