Blood, hematopoietic organs-immune system (D50-D90).
- Aplastic anemia – form of anemia characterized by pancytopenia (synonym: tricytopenia: reduction of all three rows of cells in the blood; stem cell disease) and concomitant hypoplasia (functional impairment) of the bone marrow.
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC syndrome, abbreviated: DIC; consumption coagulopathy) – acquired blood clotting disorders due to excessive consumption of clotting factors and platelets (blood platelets).
- Gestational thrombocytopenia (pregnancy-related isolated thrombocytopenia); manifestation (first occurrence): II./III. Trimenon (third trimester); course: asymptomatic; frequency: 75%; affects about 5-8% of all pregnancies.
- Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) – triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA; form of anemia in which erythrocytes (red blood cells) are destroyed), thrombocytopenia (abnormal reduction in platelets/platelets), and acute kidney injury (AKI); usually occurring in children in the setting of infections; most common cause of acute renal failure requiring dialysis in childhood [infants and young children].
- Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) – most common form of drug-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT type I, HIT type II); see below thrombosis/pharmacotherapy.
- Hypersplenism – complication of splenomegaly; leads to an increase in functional capacity beyond the necessary level; as a result, there is excessive elimination of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (blood platelets) from the peripheral blood, resulting in pancytopenia (reduction of blood cells of all systems).
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP); synonyms: Immune thrombocytopenia; purpura haemorrhagica; thrombocytopenic purpura; autoimmune thrombocytopenia; immune thrombocytopenic purpura); mainly affects children.
- Megaloblastic anemia/pernicious anemia – anemia (anemia) caused by vitamin B12 deficiency or, less commonly, folic acid deficiency.
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP; synonym: Moschcowitz syndrome) – acute onset of purpura with fever, renal insufficiency (kidney weakness; renal failure), anemia (anemia), and transient neurological and mental disorders; occurrence largely sporadic, autosomal dominant in the familial form.
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disorders (E00-E90).
- Fanconi syndrome (synonyms: Gluco-amino-phosphate diabetes, De-Toni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome, Reno-tubular syndrome (Fanconi).
- Genetic (hereditary De-Toni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome; autosomal recessive inheritance) – renal dysfunction (proximal tubule) with urinary excretion of glucose, amino acids, potassium, phosphate, and protein; hypercalcemia with risk of nephrocalcinosis and metabolic acidosis (metabolic acidosis)
- Acquired as a result of secondary genesis (e.g. metabolic diseases; nephrotoxic substances).
- Folic acid deficiency (due toalcohol abuse or in anorectics) → megaloblastic anemia/pernicious anemia.
- Gaucher’s disease – genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance; lipid storage disease due to the defect of the enzyme beta-glucocerebrosidase, which leads to storage of cerebrosides mainly in the spleen and medullary bones.
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Infections, unspecified
- Dengue fever
- Hantavirus disease
- HIV infection
- Leishmaniasis
- Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)
- Malaria
Mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Portal hypertension – portal hypertension (synonyms: portal hypertension; portal hypertension) with clinical relevance is said to occur when there is a permanent pressure increase of > 10 mmHg in the vena portae (portal vein).
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) – autoimmune disease from the group of collagenoses leading to chronic inflammatory disease or destruction of the exocrine glands, with the salivary and lacrimal glands most commonly affected.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – autoimmune disease/collagenosis that primarily affects the skin and many internal organs.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) – malignant neoplasm of the hematopoietic system (hemoblastosis).
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
- Bone marrow metastases (daughter tumors in the bone marrow).
- Malignant lymphoma (malignant neoplasm originating in the lymphatic system), predominantly associated with Hodgkin’s disease (malignant neoplasm (malignant neoplasm) of the lymphatic system with possible involvement of other organs).
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Plasmocytoma (multiple myeloma) – malignant (malignant) systemic disease, which is one of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of B lymphocytes.
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Chronic alcoholism (alcohol dependence)
Pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium (O00-O99).
- HELLP syndrome (H = hemolysis/dissolution of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood), EL = elevated liver enzymes, LP = low platelets)); ICD-10 O14.2) – special form of preeclampsia associated with blood count changes; incidence: 15-22%.
- Rh incompatibility – blood group incompatibility against rhesus factor antigen “D” between Rh-negative (Rh-, rh, genotype dd) mother and Rh-positive (Rh+, Rh, genotype Dd, dD, DD) child.
Drugs that may cause thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction:
- Antibiotics [platelet dysfunction.]
- Acylaminopenicillin + ß-lactamase inhibitor (piperacillin + tazobactam, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin + sulbactam).
- Aminopenicillin (amoxicillin, ampicillin).
- Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)
- Penicillin (piperacillin + tazobactam, penicillin G, penicillin V).
- Staphylococcal penicillins (flucloxacillin).
- Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
- Vancymycin
- Analgesics (diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol).
- Antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone)
- Antidiabetic drugs (chlorpropamide)
- Antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid/valproate).
- Antimalarials (chloroquine)
- Antifungal agents (amphotericin B)
- Antiprotozoal agents
- Analogue of the azo dye trypan blue (suramin).
- Nitroimidazoles (benznidazole)
- Pentamidine
- Antithrombotic agents (heparin group, factor Xa inhibitors/direct thrombin inhibitors).
- Intestinal therapeutics, anti-inflammatory – mesalazine.
- Diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, HCT).
- Heparin + HIT II (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) – Argatroban, danaparoid, lepirudin.
- Cardiac glycosides (digoxin).
- Hormones
- Androgen (danazol)
- Antiestrogens (tamoxifen)
- Somatostatin analogue (octreotide).
- Immunomodulator (levamisole)
- Immunosuppressant (thalidomide)
- Janus kinase inhibitors (ruxolitinib).
- Lithium
- Antimalarials (quinine)
- Monoclonal antibodies (abciximab)
- MTOR inhibitors (everolimus, temsirolimus).
- Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors (enoximone, milrinone).
- X-ray contrast agent (diatrizoate).
- Tuberculostatics (rifampicin)
- Antiplatelet agents (TAH): clopidogrel, eptifibatide, tirofiban.
- Antivirals
- Antisense oligonucleotide (fomivirsen).
- Nucleoside analogues (aciclovir , cidofovir, famciclovir, ganciclovir, valganciclovir).
- Protease inhibitors (PI; protease inhibitors) – boceprevir, telaprevir.
- Other (foscarnet)
- Cytokines (interferon alpha (interferon α), interferon α-2a, interferon α-2b, peg-interferon 2α, interferon gamma).
- Cytostatics
Radiotherapy
Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisonings).
- Benzene
Further
- EDTA-induced pseudothrombocytopenia: due toIgG-type autoagglutinins that lead to platelet agglutination in vitro in the presence of the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
- Pregnancy: gestational thrombocytopenia (isolated thrombocytopenia; physiological decrease: approximately 10%); manifestation: II./III. Trimenon; course: asymptomatic; in about 5-8% of all pregnancies platelet count < 150,000/μl.
- Vascular defect (acquired)
