base

Codeine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Products Codeine is available alone or in combination with other active ingredients in the form of tablets, effervescent tablets, capsules, dragées, syrups, drops, bronchial pastilles, and as suppositories. It is also combined fixedly with acetaminophen for the treatment of pain (see under codeine acetaminophen). Structure and properties Codeine (C18H21NO3, Mr = 299.36 g/mol) is -methylated … Codeine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Carboxylic Acids

Definition Carboxylic acids are organic acids with the general structure R-COOH (less commonly: R-CO2H). It is composed of a residue, a carbonyl group, and a hydroxyl group. The functional group is called the carboxy group (carboxyl group). Molecules with two or three carboxy groups are called dicarboxylic acids or tricarboxylic acids. An example of a … Carboxylic Acids

Buprenorphine

Products Buprenorphine is commercially available as sublingual tablets, transdermal patch and injection solution, and depot injection solution (e.g., Temgesic, Transtec, Subutex, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1979. Structure and properties Buprenorphine (C29H41NO4, Mr = 467.6 g/mol) is present in drugs as buprenorphine hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble … Buprenorphine

Emulsions

Products Many pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (personal care products), medical devices, and foods (e.g., milk, mayonnaise) are emulsions. Structure and properties Emulsions are liquid or semi-solid preparations for external or internal use. They are dispersed systems (dispersions) in which two or more liquid or semisolid phases are combined by emulsifiers, resulting in a mixture that is heterogeneous … Emulsions

Noscapine

Products Noscapine is commercially available in the form of lozenges, capsules, drops, as a syrup, and as suppositories. Except for Tussanil N, the drugs are combination products. Structure and properties The phthalideisoquinoline noscapine (C22H23NO7, Mr = 413.4 g/mol) is present in drugs as a free base or as noscapine hydrochloride monohydrate. Noscapine is a white … Noscapine

Mascara Tips

Mascara or mascara – the name does not matter, but the correct application is crucial for the perfect eye look. What to do if mascara crumbles or smells unpleasant? Which type of brush do you need for which lashes? In our mascara DOs and mascara DONTs, we answer these and other questions and tell you … Mascara Tips

Water

Products Water is commercially available in different qualities. Water for pharmaceutical purposes is available in pharmacies, for example, the purified water (see there). It is produced in pharmacies or ordered from specialized suppliers. Structure Pure water (H2O, Mr = 18.015 g/mol) exists as a clear, colorless liquid without odor or taste. It is an inorganic … Water

Calcium Carbonate

Products Calcium carbonate is commercially available as a drug in the form of tablets, capsules, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, lozenges, and oral suspension, among others. Some products are combination preparations, for example with vitamin D3 or other antacids. Structure and properties Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 , M r = 100.1 g/mol) exists in pharmacopoeia quality … Calcium Carbonate

Calcium Hydroxide

Products Calcium hydroxide is available in pharmacies and drugstores. It is also called slaked lime or slaked lime. Structure and properties Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2, Mr = 74.1 g/mol) exists as a white, fine, and odorless powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a base with a pKb(1) of 1.37 that reacts with hydrochloric … Calcium Hydroxide

Calcium Oxide

Products Calcium oxide is available as a pure substance in pharmacies and drugstores. Structure and properties Calcium oxide (CaO, Mr = 56.08 g/mol) is the basic oxide of calcium. It exists as a white and odorless powder and reacts strongly with water (see below). It should therefore be stored away from moisture. It can be … Calcium Oxide

Active Ingredient Salts

Structure and properties Many active pharmaceutical ingredients are present in the drug as organic salts. This means that the active ingredient is ionized and its charge is neutralized by a counterion (English ). For example, naproxen is present in the over-the-counter pain reliever as a sodium salt. In this form, it is referred to as … Active Ingredient Salts

Enteric-Coated Tablets

Products Several drugs are commercially available as enteric-coated tablets. Listed below are active ingredients that are administered with this dosage form: Proton pump inhibitors such as pantoprazole and esomeprazole. Some painkillers, e.g., NSAIDs such as diclofenac Digestive enzymes: pancreatin Laxative: bisacodyl Salicylates: mesalazine, acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg. Structure and properties Enteric coated tablets belong to … Enteric-Coated Tablets