Introduction Elimination is a pharmacokinetic process that describes the irreversible removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients from the body. It is composed of biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion (elimination). The most important organs for excretion are the kidney and the liver. However, drugs can also be excreted through the respiratory tract, hair, saliva, milk, tears, and sweat. … Elimination
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
Introduction Biotransformation is an endogenous pharmacokinetic process that leads to a change in the chemical structure of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The organism’s general goal in doing so is to make the foreign substances more hydrophilic and to direct them to excretion via the urine or stool. Otherwise, they could be deposited in the body and … Metabolism (Biotransformation)
Products Esomeprazole is commercially available as tablets, film-coated tablets, granules for oral suspension, and injectables (Nexium, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. Generics entered the market in 2012. Fixed combinations: Naproxen and esomeprazole (Vimovo, 2011). Acetylsalicylic acid and esomeprazole (Axanum, 2012), not commercially available. Structure and properties Esomeprazole (C17H19N3O3S, Mr = … Esomeprazole
Toxification involves the production of toxic substances during metabolism in the organism. It can occur when foreign substances (xenobiotics) are broken down in the body. When prodrugs are used, a mild and intentional form of toxicity occurs. What is toxicity? All substances in the organism undergo biotransformation in the liver after ingestion. The goal of … Poisoning (Toxification): Function, Tasks, Role & Diseases
Metabolism is the conversion of biochemical substances by the enzyme system of organisms. Intermediates, also known as metabolites, are formed. The entire metabolism is based on the continuous metabolization of chemical substances. What is metabolization? The term metabolization is used in biology and medicine to describe the conversion or breakdown of a chemical substance as … Metabolism: Function, Tasks, Role & Diseases
Introduction The liver is the largest and most important metabolic organ of the body. It takes on a wide range of tasks from the breakdown of harmful substances, to the utilization of food components, to the synthesis of new enzymes and proteins that are essential for the body’s survival. A loss of liver function can … Tasks of the liver
Tasks for detoxification The liver is one of the most important tissues for biotransformation. This is the transformation of substances that cannot be excreted into excretable substances. This is particularly important for substances that are harmful to the body, so that they do not accumulate in the body. Many such substances are converted in the … Tasks for detoxification | Tasks of the liver
Tasks for the metabolism The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body. It regulates the metabolism of proteins, fats and sugars, but also minerals, vitamins and hormones. The nutrients are transported from the intestine to the liver via the portal vein and are absorbed there. The liver can then divide up the various … Tasks for the metabolism | Tasks of the liver
Effects P2Y12 antagonists are antiplatelet agents and prevent the formation of blood clots. The effects are due to binding to the adenosine diphosphate receptor P2Y12 on platelets. This receptor plays a central role in glycoprotein (GP)-IIb/IIa activation and platelet aggregation. The continuous binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to P2Y12 is an important prerequisite for thrombus … P2Y12 Antagonists
Biotransformation refers to a process in metabolism in which substances that cannot be excreted are converted into excretable products by chemical processes. What is biotransformation? Biotransformation involves the conversion of lipophilic substances into more hydrophilic substances. The reactions required for biotransformation occur primarily in the liver. In the course of biotransformation, lipophilic substances are transformed … Biotransformation: Function, Tasks, Role & Diseases
