Brief overview Symptoms: Shortness of breath, cough, sputum Stages: physicians distinguish four degrees of severity (gold 1-4) with increasing symptom burden to permanent shortness of breath at rest. Causes and risk factors: Mainly smoking (chronic smoker’s cough), also air pollution and certain lung diseases Diagnosis: Pulmonary function test, blood gas analysis, X-ray examination of the … COPD: Symptoms, stages, therapy
Products Revefenacin was approved in the United States in 2018 as a monodose inhalation solution (Yupelri). The active ingredient belongs to the LAMA group. Structure and properties Revefenacin (C35H43N5O4, Mr = 597.8 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder and is sparingly soluble in water. It has an active metabolite formed by hydrolysis. Effects Revefenacin … Revefenacin
Products Beta2-sympathomimetics are usually commercially available as inhalation preparations (powders, solutions) administered with an inhaler, for example, metered-dose inhaler, diskus, Respimat, Breezhaler, or Ellipta. There are few drugs on the market that can be given perorally. Structure and properties Beta2-sympathomimetics are structurally related to the natural ligands epinephrine and norepinephrine. They may exist as racemates … Beta2-Sympathomimetics
Products Olodaterol was approved in many countries in 2014 as a solution for inhalation (Striverdi). In 2016, a fixed-dose combination with tiotropium bromide was also marketed (Spiolto). Both drugs are administered with the Respimat. Respimat The Respimat is a new inhalation device that releases a visible spray, or aerosol. The droplets are fine and move … Olodaterol
Effects Glucocorticoids (ATC R03BA02) have anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and immunosuppressive properties. The effects are based on binding to intracellular receptors, resulting in an influence on protein expression. In addition, glucocorticoids also exert extragenomic effects. All agents are lipophilic (virtually insoluble in water) and thus enter cells well across the cell membrane. Indications For the treatment of … Inhaled Glucocorticoids
Symptoms Possible symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include a chronic cough, mucus production, sputum, shortness of breath, chest tightness, breath sounds, lack of energy, and sleep disturbances. The symptoms often worsen with physical exertion. An acute worsening of chronic symptoms is referred to as an exacerbation. In addition, numerous systemic and extrapulmonary concomitant … Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Products Formoterol is commercially available in the form of capsules for inhalation (Foradil) and as a powder inhaler (Oxis). Furthermore, combination products with budesonide (Symbicort Turbuhaler, Vannair Dosieraerosol) and fluticasone propionate are available (Formoterol Dosieraerosol). Formoterol is also combined with beclometasone fixed, see under beclometasone and formoterol (Foster). Furthermore, in 2020, a fixed combination with … Formoterol
Products Glycopyrronium bromide is commercially available in the form of hard capsules with a powder for inhalation (Seebri Breezhaler). It was approved in the EU in 2012 and in many countries in April 2013. Glycopyrronium bromide is also combined fixed with indacaterol (Ultibro Breezhaler, approved in many countries in 2014). In 2020, a combination of … Glycopyrronium Bromide
Symptoms Coughing is a physiologic defense response used to clear foreign bodies, microorganisms, and mucus from the respiratory tract. An acute cough lasts up to three weeks and a subacute cough lasts up to eight weeks. After eight weeks, it is referred to as a chronic cough (Irwin et al., 2000). A distinction is also … Cough Causes and Remedies
Products LABA is an acronym for , which means long-acting beta agonists (sympathomimetics). LABAs are mainly marketed as inhaled preparations (powders, solutions) administered with an inhaler such as a metered-dose inhaler, diskus, respimat, breezhaler, or ellipta. Some may also be given perorally. Salmeterol and formoterol were the first agents from this group to be approved … LABA
Products LAMAs are commercially available as powders and inhalation solutions and are administered with a specially designed inhaler or with a nebulizer (nebulizer). LAMA is the acronym for , which means long-acting antagonists at muscarinic receptors. Structure and properties LAMAs are derived from the parasympatholytic atropine, which is a natural plant constituent found in various … LAMA
Products Tiotropium bromide is commercially available in the form of capsules for inhalation and has been approved since 2002 (Spiriva). The capsules are inhaled using the Spiriva HandiHaler. The inhalation solution (Spiriva Respimat) was approved in many countries in 2016. Tiotropium bromide is the successor to ipratropium bromide (Atrovent, both Boehringer Ingelheim). In 2016, a … Tiotropium Bromide
