How levodopa works Levodopa improves the slowed mobility and stiffness in patients with Parkinson’s disease by increasing the concentration of dopamine in the brain as a precursor to dopamine. The messenger substance dopamine is used in the brain to transmit signals between nerve cells – especially those involved in controlling movement. An important region for … Levodopa: Effects, Uses, Side Effects
Products Risperidone is commercially available as film-coated tablets, meltable tablets, an oral solution, and a suspension for intramuscular administration (Risperdal, generics). The active ingredient has been approved in many countries since 1994. Structure and properties Risperidone (C23H27FN4O2, Mr = 410.5 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a … Risperidone: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Entacapone was commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Comtan). It was approved in many countries since 1999. In 2017, distribution was discontinued. A fixed combination with levodopa and carbidopa has also been available since 2004 (Stalevo). Generic versions of the combination drug were approved in 2014. Structure and properties Entacapone (C14H15N3O5, Mr … Entacapon
Products Biperiden is commercially available as tablets, sustained-release tablets, and a solution for injection (Akineton, Akineton retard). It has been approved in many countries since 1958. Structure and properties Biperiden (C21H29NO, Mr = 311.46 g/mol) is present in drugs as biperidene hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is a … Biperides
Products Benserazide is commercially available in fixed combination with levodopa in tablet and capsule form (Madopar). It has been approved in many countries since 1973. Structure and properties Benserazide (C10H15N3O5, Mr = 257.2 g/mol) is a racemate. It exists as benserazide hydrochloride, a white to yellowish-white or orange-white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in … Benserazide
Products The fixed combination Deanxit with the two active ingredients melitracene and flupentixol is commercially available in many countries in the form of film-coated tablets. The drug has been approved since 1973, initially as dragées. The marketing authorization holder is the Danish company Lundbeck. Structure and properties The active ingredients are present in the drug … Melitracene and Flupentixol
Products Memantine is commercially available as film-coated tablets, meltable tablets, and oral solution (Axura, Ebixa). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Generic versions were registered in 2014. Structure and properties Memantine (C12H21N, Mr = 179.3 g/mol) is present in drugs as memantine hydrochloride, a white powder that is insoluble in water. Memantine … Memantine
Definition and mechanisms A pharmacokinetic booster is an agent that improves the pharmacokinetic properties of another agent. It is a desirable drug interaction It can exert its effects at different levels (ADME): Absorption (uptake into the body). Distribution (distribution) Metabolism and first-pass metabolism (metabolization). Elimination (excretion) Pharmacokinetic enhancers can increase absorption, increase distribution to an … Pharmacokinetic Booster
Products Beta2-sympathomimetics are usually commercially available as inhalation preparations (powders, solutions) administered with an inhaler, for example, metered-dose inhaler, diskus, Respimat, Breezhaler, or Ellipta. There are few drugs on the market that can be given perorally. Structure and properties Beta2-sympathomimetics are structurally related to the natural ligands epinephrine and norepinephrine. They may exist as racemates … Beta2-Sympathomimetics
Products Amantadine is commercially available as film-coated tablets, capsules, and an infusion solution (Symmetrel, PK-Merz). It has been approved in many countries since 1966. Structure and properties Amantadine (C10H17N, Mr = 151.2 g/mol) is present in drugs as amantadine sulfate or amantadine hydrochloride. Amantadine hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in … Amantadine
Products Ferric maltol is commercially available in the form of hard capsules (Feraccru, some countries: Accrufer). It was approved in the EU in 2016 and in many countries in 2017. Structure and properties Ferric maltol contains ferric ions in a complex with three molecules of maltol (ferric trimaltol). Due to the complexation, iron is better … Iron Maltol
Products Whey protein is available in retail and specialty stores from various suppliers as powder without flavor or with different flavors. The German term is actually whey protein or whey protein. However, the English term has prevailed and is more common. Structure and properties “Whey protein” is the protein contained in whey. Whey is produced … Whey Protein
