Elimination at the kidney The kidneys, along with the liver, play a central role in the elimination of pharmaceutical agents. They can be filtered at the glomerulus of the nephron, actively secreted at the proximal tubule, and reabsorbed at various tubular segments. In renal insufficiency, these processes are impaired. This may result in a renally … Dose Adjustment in Renal Insufficiency
Symptoms Symptoms of altitude sickness are nonspecific and usually appear 6-10 hours after ascent. However, they can also occur after as little as one hour: Headache Dizziness Sleep disorders Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Fatigue and tiredness Rapid heartbeat Accelerated breathing, shortness of breath Severe symptoms: Cough Shortness of breath even at rest Tightness … Altitude Sickness
Products Torasemide is commercially available in tablet form (Torem, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1993. Structure and properties Torasemide (C16H20N4O3S, Mr = 348.4 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a pyridine-sulfonylurea derivative. Torasemide differs structurally from its precursor furosemide (Lasix, generics), a sulfonamide. … Torasemide
Products Diuretics are mainly administered in the form of tablets. In addition, injectables are also commercially available. Among the most commonly prescribed diuretics are loop diuretics (torasemide). Effects Diuretics (ATC C03) have diuretic and antihypertensive properties. Through various mechanisms, they cause increased excretion of water and electrolytes in the urine. They are active at the … Diuretics (Water Pills): Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Symptoms Possible symptoms of clinically manifest magnesium deficiency include: Neuromuscular symptoms such as a tremor, muscle spasms, fasciculations (involuntary muscle movements), seizures Central disorders: Apathy, fatigue, dizziness, delirium, coma. Cardiovascular disorders: ECG changes, cardiac arrhythmias, palpable heartbeats, hypertension. Osteoporosis, Altered glucose homeostasis. Magnesium deficiency is often accompanied by calcium and potassium deficiency. However, many patients … Magnesium Deficiency
Products Doping agents include approved drugs, legal and illegal intoxicants, experimental agents, and illegally manufactured and trafficked substances. Doping includes non-drug doping methods, such as blood doping, in addition to drugs. Effects Doping agents differ in their pharmacological activities. Stimulants, for example, stimulate and thus increase alertness and aggressiveness for competition. In contrast, beta-blockers provide … Doping in Competitive Sports
Products Furosemide is commercially available in the form of tablets, sustained-release capsules, and as a solution for injection (Lasix, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1964 and is also used in fixed combination with the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone (Lasilactone, generic). Structure and properties Furosemide (C12H11ClN2O5S, Mr = 330.7 g/mol) exists as a … Furosemide: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Cefazolin is commercially available as an injection and infusion preparation (Kefzol, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1974. Structure and properties Cefazolin (C14H14N8O4S3, Mr = 454.5 g/mol) is present in drugs as cefazolin sodium, a white powder that is readily soluble in water. Effects Cefazolin (ATC J01DA04) is bactericidal. Its effects … Cefazolin
Products Cefixime was commercially available in tablet form (Cephoral). It had been approved in many countries since 1992. Structure and properties Cefixime (C16H15N5O7S2, Mr = 453.4 g/mol) is a white powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is a semisynthetic cephalosporin. In medicinal products, it is anhydrous. Effects Cefixime (ATC J01DD08) is bactericidal against … Cefixime
Products Piretanide is commercially available in tablet form (Trialix + ramipril). It has been approved in many countries since 1985. In many countries, only the fixed combination with the ACE inhibitor ramipril is currently available. Structure and properties Piretanide (C17H18N2O5S, Mr = 362.40 g/mol) has structural similarities to other loop diuretics and is a sulfonamide. … Piretanide
Synonyms in a broader sense water tablets, dehydration drugs, furosemide, thiazides Definition Diuretics are a group of drugs that lead to increased urinary excretion (diuresis). They are often referred to as “water tablets” kidneys, because they increase the excretion of fluids over the They are used in the treatment of high blood pressure, to flush … Diuretics
Different groups of drugs Three different groups (substance classes) of diuretics are given to promote water excretion: In the following, the different types of diuretics are presented in more detail and their specific mode of action and side effects are described Loop diuretics Thiazides Potassium saving diuretics In the treatment of high blood pressure, this … Different groups of drugs | Diuretics
