Metoprolol: Effects, Application, Side Effect

How metoprolol works Metoprolol is a drug from the group of beta-1-selective beta-blockers (beta-1 receptors are found primarily in the heart). It lowers the heart rate (negative chronotropic), reduces the beating force of the heart (negative inotropic) and influences the conduction of excitation (negative dromotropic; antiarrhythmic effect). In sum, the heart has to work less … Metoprolol: Effects, Application, Side Effect

Sympatholytics

Products Sympatholytics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, as injectables, and eye drops, among others. Effects Sympatholytics have sympatholytic properties, meaning that they abolish the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the autonomic nervous system. Their effects are usually due to direct antagonism at adrenoceptors. Indirect sympatholytics reduce the … Sympatholytics

Beta Blocker Effects and Side Effects

Products Beta-blockers are available in many countries in the form of tablets, film-coated tablets, sustained-release tablets, as capsules, solution, eye drops, and as injection and infusion solutions. Propranolol (Inderal) was the first representative of this group to appear on the market in the mid-1960s. Today, the most important active ingredients include atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol and … Beta Blocker Effects and Side Effects

Gefitinib

Products Gefitinib is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Iressa). It was approved in many countries in 2011. Structure Gefitinib (C22H24ClFN4O3, Mr = 446.9 g/mol) is a morpholine and aniline quinazoline derivative. It exists as a white powder that is sparingly soluble in water, especially at high pH. Effects Gefitinib (ATC L01XE02) is … Gefitinib

Enantiomers

Introductory question How much active ingredient is in a 10 mg cetirizine tablet? (a) 5 mg B) 7.5 mg C) 10 mg The correct answer is a. Image and mirror image Many active pharmaceutical ingredients exist as racemates. They consist of two molecules that behave like an image and mirror image of each other. These … Enantiomers

Ivabradine

Products Ivabradine is form of film-coated tablets in commerce (Procoralan). It has been approved in many countries since 2007. A fixed combination with metoprolol was registered in 2016 (Implicor). Generics are registered. A combination with carvedilol was released in 2017 (Carivalan). Structure and properties Ivabradine (C27H36N2O5, Mr = 468.6 g/mol) Effects Ivabradine (ATC C01EB17) has … Ivabradine

Pharmaceutical Active Ingredient

Definition Active ingredients are the active components of a drug that are responsible for its pharmacological effects. Drugs may contain a single active ingredient, multiple active ingredients, or complex mixtures such as herbal extracts. In addition to the active ingredients, a drug contains various excipients that should be as pharmacologically inert as possible. The percentage … Pharmaceutical Active Ingredient

Doping in Competitive Sports

Products Doping agents include approved drugs, legal and illegal intoxicants, experimental agents, and illegally manufactured and trafficked substances. Doping includes non-drug doping methods, such as blood doping, in addition to drugs. Effects Doping agents differ in their pharmacological activities. Stimulants, for example, stimulate and thus increase alertness and aggressiveness for competition. In contrast, beta-blockers provide … Doping in Competitive Sports

Migraine Headache

Symptoms Migraine occurs in attacks. It may announce itself up to three days before an attack with various precursors (prodromes). These include, for example: Mood changes Fatigue Hunger Frequent yawning Irritability Aura may occur before the headache phase in up to about one-third of patients: Visual disturbances such as flickering lights, dots or lines, facial … Migraine Headache

Alcohols

Definition Alcohols are a group of organic compounds with the general chemical structure R-OH. The hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to an aliphatic carbon atom. Aromatic alcohols are called phenols. They are a separate group of substances. Alcohols can be obtained as derivatives of water (H 2 O) in which a hydrogen atom has been … Alcohols

Metoprolol: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Products Metoprolol is commercially available as sustained-release tablets and as a solution for injection (Beloc ZOK, Lopresor, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1975. Structure and properties Metoprolol (C15H25NO3, Mr = 267.36 g/mol) is a racemate. It is present in drugs in the form of the salts metoprolol succinate or metoprolol tartrate. … Metoprolol: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Hypertension

Symptoms High blood pressure is often asymptomatic, meaning that no symptoms occur. Nonspecific symptoms such as headache, bleeding in the eye, nosebleeds, and dizziness are observed. In advanced disease, various organs such as the vessels, retina, heart, brain and kidney are affected. Hypertension is a known and important risk factor for atherosclerosis, dementia, cardiovascular diseases … Hypertension