How propranolol works Propranolol belongs to the drug class of beta-receptor blockers (beta-blockers). As such, it acts in the autonomic nervous system, which controls blood pressure and heart function, among other things. In both cases, regulation takes place via certain nerve messengers (neurotransmitters), including primarily adrenaline. This hormone is produced in the adrenal medulla and … Propranolol: Effects, Applications, Side Effects
Products Zileuton is commercially available in the United States in tablet and powder form (Zyflo). It is not currently approved in many countries. Structure and properties Zileuton (C11H12N2O2S, Mr = 236.3 g/mol) is an almost odorless, white, crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as a racemate. Both enantiomers are pharmacologically active. … Zileuton
Products Rizatriptan is commercially available in tablet and lingual (melting) tablet form (Maxalt, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. Generic versions went on sale in 2015. Structure and properties Ritatriptan (C15H19N5, Mr = 269.3 g/mol) is present in drugs as rizatriptan benzoate, a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. … Rizatriptan
Products Sympatholytics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, as injectables, and eye drops, among others. Effects Sympatholytics have sympatholytic properties, meaning that they abolish the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the autonomic nervous system. Their effects are usually due to direct antagonism at adrenoceptors. Indirect sympatholytics reduce the … Sympatholytics
Products Propafenone is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Rytmonorm). It has been approved in many countries since 1983. Structure and properties Propafenone (C21H27NO3, Mr = 341.4 g/mol) is present in the drug as propafenone hydrochloride, colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. The substance has a … Propafenone
Products Sedatives are commercially available in the form of tablets, melting tablets, drops, as injectables and tinctures, among others. Structure and properties Sedatives do not have a uniform chemical structure. Effects The active ingredients have sedative properties. Some are additionally antianxiety, sleep-inducing, antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant. The effects are due to promotion of inhibitory mechanisms … Sedative
Products Beta-blockers are available in many countries in the form of tablets, film-coated tablets, sustained-release tablets, as capsules, solution, eye drops, and as injection and infusion solutions. Propranolol (Inderal) was the first representative of this group to appear on the market in the mid-1960s. Today, the most important active ingredients include atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol and … Beta Blocker Effects and Side Effects
Introductory question How much active ingredient is in a 10 mg cetirizine tablet? (a) 5 mg B) 7.5 mg C) 10 mg The correct answer is a. Image and mirror image Many active pharmaceutical ingredients exist as racemates. They consist of two molecules that behave like an image and mirror image of each other. These … Enantiomers
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
Products Anxiolytics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, and injectable preparations, among others. Structure and properties Anxiolytics are a structurally heterogeneous group. However, the representatives can be divided into different classes. These include, for example, the benzodiazepines or the tricyclic antidepressants. Effects Anxiolytics have antianxiety (anxiolytic) properties. They usually have additional effects, … Anxiolytics
Products Propranolol is commercially available in tablet, sustained-release capsule, and solution forms (Inderal, generic, hemangiol). It has been approved in many countries since 1965. Structure and properties Propranolol (C16H21NO2, 259.34 g/mol) is present in drugs as propranolol hydrochloride, a white powder that is soluble in water. Propranolol is a racemate. The -enantiomer is predominantly active. … Propranolol
Products Doping agents include approved drugs, legal and illegal intoxicants, experimental agents, and illegally manufactured and trafficked substances. Doping includes non-drug doping methods, such as blood doping, in addition to drugs. Effects Doping agents differ in their pharmacological activities. Stimulants, for example, stimulate and thus increase alertness and aggressiveness for competition. In contrast, beta-blockers provide … Doping in Competitive Sports
