Zileuton

Products Zileuton is commercially available in the United States in tablet and powder form (Zyflo). It is not currently approved in many countries. Structure and properties Zileuton (C11H12N2O2S, Mr = 236.3 g/mol) is an almost odorless, white, crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as a racemate. Both enantiomers are pharmacologically active. … Zileuton

Azathioprine (Imuran)

Products Azathioprine is commercially available as film-coated tablets and as a lyophilizate (Imurek, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1965. Structure and properties Azathioprine (C9H7N7O2S, Mr = 277.3 g/mol) is a nitromidazole derivative of mercaptopurine. It exists as a pale yellow powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Azathioprine (ATC L04AX01) … Azathioprine (Imuran)

Mirtazapine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Products Mirtazapine is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets and meltable tablets (Remeron, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1999. Structure and properties Mirtazapine (C17H19N3, Mr = 265.35 g/mol) is a racemate and exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is structurally closely related … Mirtazapine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Enterohepatic Circulation

Definition Pharmaceutical agents are excreted primarily in the urine and, via the liver, in the bile in the stool. When excreted via the bile, they re-enter the small intestine, where they may be reabsorbed. They are transported back to the liver via the portal vein. This repetitive process is called the enterohepatic circulation. It prolongs … Enterohepatic Circulation

Cefaclor

Products Cefaclor is commercially available as sustained-release film-coated tablets and as a suspension (Ceclor). It has been approved in many countries since 1978. Structure and properties Cefaclor monohydrate (C15H14ClN3O4S – H2O, Mr = 385.8) is a white to pale yellow powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is a semisynthetic antibiotic and has structural … Cefaclor

Obeticholic Acid

Products Obeticholic acid is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Ocaliva). It has been approved in the EU and US since 2016 and in many countries since 2018. Structure and properties Obeticholic acid (C26H44O4, Mr = 420.6 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is highly soluble in water at a high pH. … Obeticholic Acid

Memantine

Products Memantine is commercially available as film-coated tablets, meltable tablets, and oral solution (Axura, Ebixa). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Generic versions were registered in 2014. Structure and properties Memantine (C12H21N, Mr = 179.3 g/mol) is present in drugs as memantine hydrochloride, a white powder that is insoluble in water. Memantine … Memantine

Ezetimibe

Products Ezetimibe is commercially available in tablet form, as a monopreparation (Ezetrol, generic), and as a fixed combination with simvastatin (Inegy, generic) and with atorvastatin (Atozet). Also released is a combination with rosuvastatin. Ezetimibe was approved in many countries and in the United States in 2002. Generic and auto-generics entered the market in November 2017. … Ezetimibe

Enantiomers

Introductory question How much active ingredient is in a 10 mg cetirizine tablet? (a) 5 mg B) 7.5 mg C) 10 mg The correct answer is a. Image and mirror image Many active pharmaceutical ingredients exist as racemates. They consist of two molecules that behave like an image and mirror image of each other. These … Enantiomers

Antithrombotics

Effects Antithrombotic Anticoagulant Fibrinolytic Active ingredients Salicylates: Acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg (Aspirin Cardio). P2Y12 antagonists: Clopidogrel (Plavix, generics). Prasugrel (Efient) Ticagrelor (Brilique) GP IIb/IIIa antagonists: Abciximab (ReoPro) Eptifibatide (Integrilin) Tirofiban (Aggrastat) PAR-1 antagonists: Vorapaxar (Zontivity) Vitamin K antagonists (coumarins): Phenprocoumon (Marcoumar). Acenocoumarol (Sintrom) Not on sale in many countries: dicoumarol, warfarin. Heparins: Heparin sodium Heparin-Calcium … Antithrombotics

Pelargonium Sidoides

Products Umckaloabo drops, film-coated tablets Kaloba (drops, film-coated tablets) is the co-marketing drug of Umckaloabo. It is exactly the same as Umckaloabo except for the packaging, but is subject to cash (SL). Umckaloabo syrup, Kaloba syrup, approval in 2020. Homeopathic mother tinctures and homeopathics, drops. Preparations with Stem plant Capeland Pelargonium DC (Geraniaceae) is a … Pelargonium Sidoides

Noscapine

Products Noscapine is commercially available in the form of lozenges, capsules, drops, as a syrup, and as suppositories. Except for Tussanil N, the drugs are combination products. Structure and properties The phthalideisoquinoline noscapine (C22H23NO7, Mr = 413.4 g/mol) is present in drugs as a free base or as noscapine hydrochloride monohydrate. Noscapine is a white … Noscapine