Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a very acute syndrome caused by the Toxic shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1). About 1% of the bacteria of the strain Staphylococcus aureus is able to produce this TSST-1. It often occurs in young women who use tampons too long during their menstruation.
Like the other superantigens, TSST-1 stimulates immune cells to produce and secrete cytokines. During the course of TSS, the TSS occurs. It is absolutely essential that the TSS be treated in a hospital by a doctor!
- Fever,
- Chills,
- Muscle aches,
- Nausea and vomiting,
- Temporary loss of consciousness or also
- Redness of the skin,
- Detaching the skin,
- Failure of the circulation, kidney or liver.
How does a superantigen differ from an antigen?
A superantigen differs from an antigen in its structure and effect. Although antigens also consist of carbohydrates, fats, proteins or combinations thereof, they are smaller in size than superantigens. Even after binding to a receptor of special immune cells, they are further reduced in size so that they can be presented by the antigen-presenting cells. In the effect of the antigens, a far less fulminant effect can be expected.
Superantigens are so dangerous
The danger posed by superantigens varies according to the species. Although it is assumed that some superantigens can cause diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, these are not life-threatening. Nevertheless, some superantigens may be associated with potentially fatal diseases.
The most important of these is TSST-1, which often has strong effects. Superantigens that cause endocarditis or late effects in the kidney are also potentially life-threatening.
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